航天员空间辐射安全问题与防护对策  

Space radiation safety issues and protective measures for astronauts

作　　者：赵亚丽[1] 娄鹏博 鲁维 张华[1] 邹鹏飞 吴大蔚[1] Zhao Yali;Lou Pengbo;Lu Wei;Zhang Hua;Zou Pengfei;Wu Dawei(Astronaut Research and Training Center of China,Beijing100094,China)

机构地区：[1]中国航天员科研训练中心,北京100094

出　　处：《中华放射医学与防护杂志》2025年第2期155-162,共8页Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection

摘　　要：空间辐射是载人航天长期飞行及深空探测面临的最重要的环境有害因素,可能导致组织器官有害组织反应(确定性效应)和随机性效应,深入开展空间辐射生物效应、机制及防护对策研究,是探索辐射生物科学问题、推进载人航天重大工程的必由之路和重要保证。本文概述了近地轨道飞行、载人登月、深空探测任务中空间辐射的时空分布特征及其对航天员的健康风险与挑战;然后从空间辐射医学要求与限值、风险评估、防护技术三方面介绍国际和我国载人航天30年以来建立的空间辐射防护体系和后续重点工作,并对学科发展进行展望。Space radiation is the most important environmental harmful factor in long-term manned spaceflight and deep space exploration,and it may produce deterministic and stochastic effects on tissues and organs.In-depth research into the biological effects,mechanisms,and protective measures of space radiation is essential and serves as an important foundation for exploring radiation biology and promoting major manned space projects.Firstly,this review introduces the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of space radiation during low-earth orbit flights,manned lunar landings,and deep space exploration missions,as well as the health risks and challenges it posed to astronauts.Then,it discusses medical requirements and exposure limits,risk assessment,and protection technologies included in the space radiation protection system established internationally and over 30 years of Chinese manned spaceflight departments.Finally,it outlines the subsequent work and prospects for further research.

关 键 词：空间辐射 载人航天 剂量限值 风险评估 防护技术 

分 类 号：R85[医药卫生—航空、航天与航海医学] R144[医药卫生—临床医学]