民族与国族:中国民族理论构建的新探索  

Ethnicity and State-nation:New Explorations on the Construction of Chinese Ethnic Theory

作　　者：孙琬婷[1] 赵永春[2] SUN Wan-ting;ZHAO Yong-chun(Changchun University of Chinese Medicine,Changchun,Jilin,130117,China;School of History and Culture,Jilin University,Changchun,Jilin,130012)

机构地区：[1]长春中医药大学,吉林长春130117 [2]吉林大学历史文化学院,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《史学集刊》2025年第2期97-107,共11页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“中国古代北方游牧民族与中原农耕民族交融史研究”(17ZDA177);国家社会科学基金项目“民族交融视阈下的金代六部职官群体研究”(22BZS043);吉林省教育厅科学研究重点项目“金代六部尚书研究”(JJKH20231116SK)。

摘　　要：民族可以区分为广义民族和狭义民族两大类型,狭义民族是指具备斯大林所说的民族四特征或中央民族工作会议提出的民族六特征的人们共同体,广义民族是指具有或在某种程度上具有民族特征的包括两个狭义民族以上的多个狭义民族的人们共同体。国族属于广义民族中的一种类型,只要有国家就会有国族,一个国家的国族只有一个,具有政治属性。狭义民族是文化共同体,不具有政治属性,既可以是一个国家内部的多个不同的狭义民族,又可以超越国家限制,成为包括移居不同国家的狭义民族而形成的跨界民族共同体。狭义民族与国族的关系不完全是上下位的关系,一个国家的国族(政治共同体)与国族内部的狭义民族(文化共同体)虽然属于上下位的关系,但是一个国家内部的多个狭义民族可以通过交往、交流、交融形成一个等同于国族的新的狭义民族(仍然是文化共同体),其与国族的关系就不再属于上下位的关系了。作为一个国家的国族可以随着国家的灭亡而灭亡,也可以随着国家的发展壮大而发展壮大,而狭义民族(包括新形成的狭义民族)则不会随着国家的灭亡而灭亡,可以与其他狭义民族一起建立一个新的国家而形成新的国族(一个狭义民族一般不会单独发展成为新的国族),也可以与其他狭义民族建立多个国家而形成多个新的国族,也可以融入其他狭义民族之中而消亡,也可以继续融合其他狭义民族,不断向前发展、演变和壮大。Nation can be divided into two major categories,namely nation in narrow sense and nation in broad sense.In the narrow sense,a nation refers to a community of people who possess the four characteristics of a nation as defined by Stalin or the six characteristics proposed by the National Conference on Ethnic Affairs.In the broad sense,a nation refers to a community of people who possess,or to some extent exhibit,the characteristics of a nation,encompassing two or more nations in the narrow sense.A state-nation is a type of nation in broad sense.As long as there is a state,there will be a state-nation.The state-nation is a kind of nation in broad sense.Wherever there is a state,there is a state-nation.A state has only one statenation,which is inherently political in nature.A nation in narrow sense is a cultural community without political attributes.It can refer to multiple distinct nations within a single state,or it can transcend state boundaries to form a cross-border ethnic community composed of nations migrated to different countries.The relationship between nation in narrow sense and that in broad sense is not entirely a hyponymy.Although the state-nation(a political community)of a country and nations in narrow sense(cultural communities)within the state-nation belong to hyponymy,the multiple nations in narrow sense within a country can,through communication,interaction and integration,form a new nation narrowly defined(still a cultural community)that is equivalent to the state-nation,and in this case,the relationship between them is no longer a hyponymy.A state-nation of a country can perish along with the demise of the country,or it can grow and expand as the country develops and becomes stronger.However,a nation in narrow sense(including newly formed ones)will not perish with the downfall of the country.It can establish a new country with other nations in narrow sense to form a new state-nation,or it can establish multiple countries with other nations in narrow sense to form multiple new state-nation.It can

关 键 词：民族 狭义民族 广义民族 国族 

分 类 号：D633[政治法律—政治学] C95[政治法律—中外政治制度]