伦理人格与技术人格:人工智能法律主体地位的理论框架  

Ethical Personality and Technical Personality:The Theoretical Framework of the Legal Subject Status of AI

作　　者：梅夏英[1] Mei Xiaying

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2025年第1期26-44,共19页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：教育部重点研究基地重大项目“数字经济基础性私法制度研究”(项目编号:22JJD820016);国家社科基金哲学社会科学领军人才项目“数据跨境战略博弈与全球数据治理研究”(项目编号:24VRC055)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：目前人工智能法律主体地位的理论探讨遵循两种路径:一是将人工智能作为具有高级智能的类人“种群”来进行理论预判;一是探讨赋予当前弱人工智能某种法律拟制人格来承担责任和享有权利。对此有必要提出“伦理人格”和“技术人格”的区分理论,来界定人工智能主体地位的不同理论面向。人格区分现象在传统民法中已然存在,它呈现为以人格抽象程度为标志的人格递进序列,其中存在着两种人格的“渐变”和“断裂”现象。人工智能作为伦理主体遇到了“自我意识”的难题,目前的弱人工智能尚不能获得独立的伦理人格,规制技术开发者的科技伦理起主导作用,同时不排除人机交互伦理可能会赋予机器人某种道德性“权利”。就人工智能的技术性人格而言,如果只是将人工智能作为“个体”进行研究,并无自然人的意思表示机制和机器人自身财产的支撑,赋予机器人技术人格便不完全具备条件。未来人工智能的主体性将依照两种人格的路径各自发展,以技术人格的探索先行,逐渐进行伦理人格的塑造,人类或机器人的伦理人格最终成为技术人格的依归。At present,the theoretical discussion of the legal subject status of AI follows two paths:one is to treat AI as the "population" similar to human beings with advanced intelligence;the other is to grant the legal personality,to a certain extent, to the weak artificial intelligence,so as to assume responsibility and rights.It's necessary to puts forward a theory to distinguish the "ethical personality" and "technical personality", to define the different theoretical orientation of AI.The differentiation of personality already exists in the traditional civil law,which is demonstrated as a progressive sequence marked by the abstract degree of personality,and there exist the phenomena of "gradual change" and "fracture" of these two kinds of personalities.As ethical subject,AI encountered the problem of "self-consciousness",and thus the current weak AI cannot obtain the independent ethical personality,so it is the technological ethics regulating technology developers to dominate this issue,meanwhile,the ethics on human-computer interaction may grant the robot a certain kind of moral "rights".With specific reference to the technical personality of AI,if it is studied as an "individual", it can not make an expression of its intent and own property as natural person,and consequently it is not fully qualified to grant technology personality to a robot.In the future,the subjectivity of AI will develop in the path of the two personalities above mentioned,namely it's development will be led by technical personality,and be gradually shaped by the ethical personality.The ethical personality of human beings or robots will eventually become the final destination of technical personality.

关 键 词：人工智能 伦理人格 技术人格 法律拟制 人机关系 

分 类 号：TP18[自动化与计算机技术—控制理论与控制工程] D90[自动化与计算机技术—控制科学与工程]