归责负担与刑法不法  

Obligation of Imputation and Criminal Unlawfulness

作　　者：何庆仁 He Qingren

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《中外法学》2025年第1期124-143,共20页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：“十四五”教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“新型科技安全领域问题中的归责问题研究”(项目编号:23JJD820001)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：归责理论在我国刑法教义学中的发展日益深入,对推动刑法不法内涵的规范化起到重要作用。但是,归责与不法究竟处于怎样的关系,归责引入的规范视角到底是如何注入不法判断的,以及在罪刑法定原则的视野之下,归责与不法的关系又该如何自处等问题其实仍然有待分析。透过引入源于私法领域的负担与义务之分,可以发现厘清归责与不法关系的蹊径,即负担决定归责,义务决定不法,二者虽处于紧密融合之中,但仍然是两种不同的判断,不容混淆。区分归责负担与刑法不法,对解决原因自由行为、超越承担过失、防卫挑拨、自陷风险、着手、实行、被害人教义学以及共同犯罪等一系列问题有启发意义。在刑法中引入负担理念与《刑法》第22条预备犯的规定不冲突,也不会导致刑法的私法化,应当在刑法不法的判断中一般性地提倡归责负担理念。The development of the theory of imputation in Chinese criminal law doctrine is getting deeper and deeper, and it plays an important role in promoting the normalization of criminal unlawfulness. However, the relationship between imputation and unlawfulness is still to be analyzed. Through the introduction of the distinction between duty and obligation originating from the private law field, we can find a way to clarify the relationship between imputation and unlawfulness, that is, the obligation determines imputation and the duty determines unlawfulness, which are in a close fusion, but still two different judgments. Distinguishing the obligation of imputation and criminal unlawfulness is a good inspiration for solving a series of problems, such as actio libera in causa, negligence of undertaking, defense provocation, self-inflicted risk, enforcement, commencement, victim doctrine and joint crime. The introduction of the concept of obligation in criminal law does not conflict with the provisions of Article 22 of the Criminal Law on preparatory offences, nor does it lead to the privatization of criminal law, and the concept of obligation should be advocated in general in the judgment of criminal unlawfulness.

关 键 词：归责负担 义务违反 刑法不法 例外归责 先前过错 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]