清宫海桐皮本草考古:古DNA信息与化学特征的共同证据  

Bencao archaeology of“Haitongpi”from imperial pharmacy in Qing Dynasty:Common evidence based on ancient DNA information and chemical characteristics

作　　者：彭华胜[1,2] 尹旻臻 谭祥梅 蔡远扬 陈家凤 刘宇辰 王昱程 黄璐琦[1,2] Huasheng Peng;Minzhen Yin;Xiangmei Tan;Yuanyang Cai;Jiafeng Chen;Yuchen Liu;Yucheng Wang;Luqi Huang(State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China;Key Scientific Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Heritage(Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences),National Cultural Heritage Administration,Beijing 100700,China;Group of Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation,Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System,Environment and Resources,Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Department of Genetics,University of Cambridge,Cambridge CB23EH,UK;Centre for Ancient Environmental Genomics,Globe Institute,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen 1350,Denmark)

机构地区：[1]中国中医科学院中药资源中心,道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室,北京100700 [2]中医药文物研究国家文物局重点科研基地(中国中医科学院中药研究所),北京100700 [3]中国科学院青藏高原研究所古生态与人类适应团队,北京100101 [4]中国科学院青藏高原研究所,青藏高原地球系统与资源环境重点实验室,北京100101 [5]中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京100049 [6]Department of Genetics,University of Cambridge,Cambridge CB23EH,UK [7]Centre for Ancient Environmental Genomics,Globe Institute,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen 1350,Denmark

出　　处：《科学通报》2025年第4期585-599,共15页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3500903);中国中医科学院科技创新工程(CI2023E002);国家重大科技基础设施项目“地球系统数值模拟装置”(2023-EL-ZD-000111)资助。

摘　　要：海桐皮,始载于五代《海药本草》,药用历史悠久.清朝御制医学著作《医宗金鉴》载有海桐皮汤.仅依据文献史料难以考证古代海桐皮基原.目前,各地习作“海桐皮”的有4科6种,亟待开展正本清源研究.本文对故宫博物院藏清宫海桐皮药材文物(故233758)进行古DNA提取、建库,运用鸟枪法宏基因组测序技术,对清宫海桐皮古DNA进行分析,将清宫海桐皮鉴定到芸香科花椒属Zanthoxylum植物.利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术对清宫海桐皮化学特征进行分析,共鉴定出20种化合物,主要为生物碱类、黄酮类、木脂素以及香豆素类化合物,结合现生样品比较,与芸香科花椒属植物所含化学成分相似,与古DNA分析结果互相佐证.为进一步准确鉴定清宫海桐皮具体基原,基于清宫海桐皮古DNA数据,获取了长度为164 bp ITS、172 bp ETS和201 bp trnH-psbA序列,分别构建清宫海桐皮与芸香科花椒属ETS、trnH-psbA、ITS与ETS联合序列系统发育树,结果表明,清宫海桐皮样品与椿叶花椒Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb.et.Zucc.亲缘关系最近,鉴定清宫海桐皮原植物为椿叶花椒Z.ailanthoides.本文通过性状鉴定、分子考古与化学特征,相互印证,建立了清宫药材文物“科属-种”逐层鉴定基原的研究模式,准确鉴定了清宫海桐皮基原,为芸香科花椒属椿叶花椒Z.ailanthoides的树皮,为实现海桐皮正本清源以及传承清宫医案提供了本草考古依据.Bencao archaeology applies modern archaeological theories and methods to explore the intricate relationship betweenhumans and medicinal substances, with a particular focus on unearthed drugs, medicinal sites, and related relics. This fieldaims to reconstruct the temporal and spatial frameworks of cultural remains and trace the historical evolution of TraditionalChinese Medicine (TCM). From ancient to modern times, the origin of medicinal materials has often undergone changes. Acritical task in bencao archaeology is the accurate identification of the origins of medicinal relics. Conducting research onthe origins of ancient medicinal materials can promote the inheritance and development of TCM, providing a foundationfor ensuring clinical efficacy and safety. Haitongpi, first recorded in the Haiyao Bencao during the Five Dynasties period,has a long history of medicinal use. It was later recorded in the Qing Dynasty’s Yizong Jinjian, where it was featured as akey ingredient in Haitongpi Decoction, used to dispel wind-dampness and alleviate pain. However, the precise botanicalorigin of Haitongpi is difficult to determine based solely on historical texts, as the modern medicinal use of this termencompasses plants from four families and six species distributed across different regions. The imperial palace, as theresidence of the highest rulers in China’s feudal society and the center of state power, maintained a meticulous standard forthe selection and quality of medicines used in the Qing imperial pharmacy. Medicinal relics of Haitongpi preserved in theNational Palace Museum provide crucial material evidence for exploring its historical usage and origin during the QingDynasty. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach combining molecular archaeology, and chemical profiling wasemployed to identify the origin of Haitongpi relics (GU233758) from the Qing imperial pharmacy. Initially, ancient DNAwas extracted from the relics, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was conducted, identifying the sample as belonging tothe

关 键 词：海桐皮 本草考古 分子考古 化学特征 

分 类 号：R2-09[医药卫生—中医学] TQ460.1[化学工程—制药化工]