基于制度质量的选贤任能制度优势评估与阐释  

Explanation of Chinese Meritocracy Institutions Advantages Based on Institutional Quality Assessment

作　　者：应验 YING Yan

机构地区：[1]中国科学技术大学马克思主义学院,安徽合肥230026

出　　处：《深圳社会科学》2025年第2期79-90,共12页Social Sciences in Shenzhen

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“国家治理体系中的选贤任能制度优势与创新发展研究”(20ZDA009)。

摘　　要：选贤任能制度兼具干部制与官僚制的特征,而又超越了苏联式干部制与西式官僚科层制,呈现出价值性、科学性与系统性等属性,是一种具有中国特色的干部官僚制度。既有关于制度优势的阐释研究多是基于研究者个人判断,使用规范性方法的主观分析。本研究提出制度优势的阐释可建立在制度质量的评估之上,将政治语境中的“制度优势”替换为学术范畴中的“制度质量”,以制度质量之高度衡量制度优势之大小,从而实现政治术语的学理评估。本研究以因子分析法构建了包括依法合规、科学民主、完备协调、有效管用的四维度选贤任能制度质量评估指标体系;采用国际公开数据整理汇总2012-2021年间G20国家选贤任能制度质量数据,并从四维度分项和加权总项上对G20国家选贤任能制度质量水平进行量化测度。基于四维度评估框架和量化分析结果,中国选贤任能制度的比较优势体现在“党管干部”中的使命型政党与全方位管理、以“分类管理”和“民主集中”统摄制度设计与实施、不断提升体系化“密度”与制度化“硬度”、秉持基于国情和发展阶段的理性务实主义等四方面。通过长时段、跨国家的量化数据阐释中国选贤任能制度优势,既从学理上支撑了中国制度显著优势的政治命题,又从实践上提出了优化完善党选人用人的路径建议。Meritocracy institutions combine the characteristics of both the cadre system and the bureaucracy,while surpassing the Soviet-style cadre system and the Western-style bureaucracy.They exhibit attributes such as value,scientific rigor,and systematization,forming a cadre-bureaucratic system with Chinese characteristics.The explanations for the advantages of such institutions have largely been based on personal judgments of researchers,using normative methods for subjective analysis.This study suggests that the explanation of institutional advantages should be based on the evaluation of institutional quality.It replaces the political term“institutional advantage”with the academic concept of“institutional quality,”measuring the size of institutional advantages by the level of institutional quality,thus achieving an academic evaluation of a political term.The study first constructs an evaluation index system for the quality of meritocracy institutions.Which including four dimensions:legal compliance,scientific democracy,completeness and coordination,and effective governance.Next,using international public data,a database of the quality of meritocracy institutions in G20 countries from 2012 to 2021 is compiled.I quantifies and measures the quality of meritocracy institutions in G20 countries across four sub-dimensions and weighted total dimensions,revealing that China’s meritocracy system has a comparative advantage in terms of development positioning,trends,and resilience.Based on the four-dimensional evaluation framework and quantitative analysis results,the comparative advantages of China’s meritocracy system are reflected in four aspects.They are the mission-oriented party in“Party control over cadres”and comprehensive management,the design and implementation of a system governed by“differentiated management”and“democratic centralism,”the continuous enhancement of systemic“density”and institutional“hardness,”and the adherence to rational pragmatism based on national conditions.

关 键 词：选贤任能 干部制 官僚制 制度质量 制度优势 

分 类 号：D035[政治法律—政治学]