敦煌石窟元代蒙古豳王家族塔葬瘗窟——莫高窟北区第462窟洞窟属性的考古学观察  

An Archaeological Survey of Mogao Cave 462 as the Dagoba of a Member of Mongolian Prince Bin Clan of the Yuan Dynasty

作　　者：沙武田[1] 李国[2] 柴勃隆[3] Sha Wutian;Li Guo;Chai Bolong

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院 [2]敦煌研究院丝绸之路与敦煌研究中心 [3]敦煌研究院保护研究所

出　　处：《故宫博物院院刊》2025年第1期18-41,151,共25页Palace Museum Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"敦煌河西石窟多语言壁题考古资料抢救性调查整理与研究"(项目编号:22&ZD219);国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项学术团队项目"敦煌壁画外来图像文明属性研究"(项目编号:20VJXT014);高等学校学科创新引智基地计划资助(Supported by the Project 111)"长安与丝路文化传播学科创新引智基地"(项目编号:B18032)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：少有学者关注敦煌莫高窟第462窟,敦煌研究院定其为礼佛窟,但通过对洞窟两则汉文墨书题记的重新释读,同时结合窟内考古遗存,发现此窟极有可能是元至治三年为埋葬一位蒙古豳王家族信仰佛教的女性而改造前期多室禅窟而成的一处瘗窟。窟内有佛塔遗痕,应属塔葬瘗窟。此外,窟内有贴塑佛菩萨及释迦灵鹫山说法图,又有蒙古贵族女性画像和题名,显然非单纯的瘗窟,属于死者与神像共存一窟的现象,故可以增加敦煌瘗窟的形式和种类,更是元代敦煌石窟考古和墓葬考古的重要内容。有关该窟的观察研究,对理解有元一代蒙古豳王家族在莫高窟的佛事活动,以及莫高窟北区到蒙元时期作为世俗瘗埋场所等历史问题,均有一定的参考意义。Mogao Cave 462 is identified as the Buddhist house of worship by Dunhuang Academy,it has more messages yet to be interpreted.The Chinese inscriptions in ink on both sides of the cave and the objects that remain inside suggest that this cave once serves as the resting place of a lady Buddhist who was born from Mongolian Prince Bin Clan,it is remodified into a grave of dagoba from a multi-chambered meditation cave in the 3~(rd)yest of Zhizhi of the Yuan Dynasty,with the burial traces left as evidence.The combination of the illustrated Buddha,Bodhisattvas and Shakyamuni preaching at Vulture Peak with the images of Mongolian noble women and the inscriptions proves the cave to be a shared-shrine for the deceased and deities,a form and/or type of the burial caves in Dunhuang Grottoes providing important messages useful for archaeological studies to the caves and tombs of the Yuan-dynasty Dunhuang Grottoes.The research results of Cave 462 are significant for the studies on the Buddhist activities of the Mongolian Prince Bin family members at Mogao Grottoes and the issues concerning the caves in the northern Mogao as the secular resting place during the Mongol-Yuan period.

关 键 词：莫高窟第462窟 至治三年题记 蒙古豳王家族 瘗窟 塔葬 

分 类 号：K879.21[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K247[历史地理—历史学]