冬闲杂草还田对水稻光合物质生产和产量的影响  

Effects of Fallow Weeds Returning to the Field on Photosynthetic Matter Production and Yield of Rice

作　　者：陈鸽 谷雨 文炯 傅岳峰 何兮 李薇 周峻宇 刘琼峰 吴海勇 CHEN Ge;GU Yu;WEN Jiong;FU YueFeng;HE Xi;LI Wei;ZHOU JunYu;LIU QiongFeng;WU HaiYong(Hunan Cultivated Land and Agricultural Eco-Environment Institute,Changsha 410125;Yueyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Yueyang 414000,Hunan)

机构地区：[1]湖南省耕地与农业环境生态研究所,长沙410125 [2]岳阳市农业科学研究院,湖南岳阳414000

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2025年第4期647-659,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：湖南省农业科技创新资金项目(2023CX46);湖南省农业科技创新资金项目(2024CX103);湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2026)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究不同有机物料还田对籼型三系杂交稻群体光合物质生产和产量形成的影响,以期为秸秆资源合理利用、提高水稻产量提供理论依据。【方法】于2022—2023年在湖南省岳阳市麻塘镇进行大田试验,以当地生产上推广面积较大的杂交稻品种川种优464为供试材料,设置常规氮肥(N)、水稻秸秆还田+常规氮肥(RN)、油菜秸秆还田+常规氮肥(ON)、紫云英还田+常规氮肥(MN)、冬闲杂草还田+常规氮肥(WN),以不施氮肥不还田为对照(CK),共计6个处理。在不同秸秆还田模式下,测定水稻各生育时期的茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累量、齐穗期剑叶SPAD值、净光合速率、产量及产量构成。【结果】与N处理相比,在产量及产量构成方面,WN处理的单位面积有效穗数、总颖花量和产量分别显著提高13.65%、16.85%和9.65%,每穗粒数和粒重略有增加,结实率出现降低,但差异不显著;在光合物质生产特性方面,WN处理茎蘖成穗率显著提高13.08%,齐穗期剑叶SPAD、净光合速率和气孔导度分别显著提高3.57%、9.16%和16.68%,成熟期地上部干物质积累量显著提高13.79%,齐穗至成熟期光合势、群体生长率和地上部干物质积累量分别显著提高9.20%、33.12%和33.21%,收获指数显著提高12.31%。另外,叶面积指数、净同化率、齐穗后叶片和茎鞘的输出量与输出率也呈增加趋势。相关分析结果表明,剑叶SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度与有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花量、产量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】冬闲杂草还田可改善水稻齐穗期光合特性,增强齐穗后光合物质生产能力,促进花后干物质积累,优化群体质量。同时,通过提高茎蘖成穗率,构建单位面积适宜穗数,增加总颖花量,从而获得高产。【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of different organic materials returning to the field on photosynthetic matter production and yield formation in an indica three-line hybrid rice population,to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of straw resources and the improvement of rice yield.【Method】A field experiment was conducted in Matang Town,Yueyang City,Hunan Province,China from 2022 to 2023.Chuanzhongyou 464,a widely cultivated hybrid rice variety,was used as the test material.Six treatments were designed,including conventional nitrogen fertilizer(N),rice straw returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer(RN),rape straw returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer(ON),Chinese milk vetch returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer(MN),fallow weed returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer(WN),and no nitrogen fertilizer and no straw returning as control(CK).At various growth stages,the tiller dynamics,leaf area index,aboveground dry matter accumulation,SPAD value of flag leaves at heading stage,net photosynthetic rate,and yield and yield components of rice were measured under different modes of straw returning to the field.【Result】Compared with N treatment,the effective panicles per hm2,total spikelets per hm2,and grain yield under WN treatment increased significantly by 13.65%,16.85%,and 9.65%,respectively.There was a slight increase in spikelets per panicle and grain weight,while the seed setting rate decreased,but the difference was not significant.In terms of photosynthetic matter production characteristics,under WN treatment,the percentage of productive tiller increased significantly by 13.08%,and the SPAD value in the flag leaf,net photosynthetic rate,and stomatal conductance of flag leaves at heading stage were enhanced significantly by 3.57%,9.16%,and 16.68%,respectively.Meanwhile,the dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part measured at mature stage increased by 13.79%,photosynthetic potential,crop growth rate,and dry matter accumulation in the abovegroun

关 键 词：冬闲杂草 叶面积指数 干物质积累 光合特性 产量 水稻 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]