三江源国家公园澜沧江源园区草地有蹄类动物承载力评估  

The analysis of grazing pressure of ungulates on grassland in Lancang River Source Park,Sanjiangyuan National Park

作　　者：蔡振媛[1] 王军邦[2] 宋鹏飞 江峰 梁程博 张婧捷 高红梅 张同作[1] CAI Zhenyuan;WANG Junbang;SONG Pengfei;JIANG Feng;LIANG Chengbo;ZHANG Jingjie;GAO Hongmei;ZHANG Tongzuo(Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota,Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xining 810001,China;National Ecosystem Science Data Center,Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Beijing 100101,China;State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,高原生物适应与进化重点实验室,青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室,西宁810001 [2]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室,生态系统大数据与模拟中心,北京100101 [3]青海大学,省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室,西宁810016 [4]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《生态学报》2025年第4期1844-1853,共10页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(U20A2012);中国科学院-青海省人民政府三江源国家公园联合研究专项(LHZX-2020-07)。

摘　　要：草地是三江源国家公园的主体生态系统,是该地区野生动物赖以生存的基础,也是以畜牧业为主的社区经济可持续发展的保障,实现草畜平衡对三江源草地生态功能发挥具有重要意义。以三江源国家公园澜沧江源园区昂赛乡为研究区域,通过野生有蹄类动物样带调查和官方公布的家畜数量,获得现实承载力,通过遥感-过程耦合模型估算草地可食牧草产量,获得可食牧草和粗蛋白的理论承载力,采用放牧压力指数对昂赛乡草地有蹄类动物承载状况进行了评估。结果表明,2020年该地区全年野生动物实际载畜量共约(0.67±0.35)万标准羊单位,家畜约12.99万标准羊单位;可食牧草产量承载力为13.15万标准羊单位,低于粗蛋白承载力,牧草产量承载力和粗蛋白承载力存在季节变化,均表现为暖季高于冷季。仅考虑家畜,可食牧草放牧压力指数为0.9878,没有超载;综合考虑家畜和野生动物,载畜压力指数为(1.0388±0.0510),存在超载风险,野生动物是草畜平衡不可忽视的部分。野生动物对载畜压力指数的贡献约5%,草场牧食压力主要来自放牧家畜,控制家畜数量是实现该区域的草畜平衡的关键。为三江源国家公园开展草地承载力时空动态评估,合理配置放牧强度,实现草畜平衡管理,促进草地系统健康发展具有指导意义。The grassland,as the primary ecosystem of Sanjiangyuan National Park,is not only the natural habitats for the survival of wild animals,but also the material guarantees for livestock husbandry.Achieving balance between grassland and livestock is crucial for maintaining the ecological function of the Sanjiangyuan grasslands.Over the past two decades,there has been a continuous recovery of the wild animal population in the Sanjiangyuan area,with grazing of livestock and foraging of wild ungulates constitutes the primary utilization of grassland in this region.In this study,we assessed the grazing pressure of ungulates(large wild herbivores and livestock)on grassland in Angsai Township in Lancang River Source Park,Sanjiangyuan National Park.We used the sample belt method to conduct field surveys from 2020 to 2021 and got the population densities of Pseudois nayaur and Cervus albirostris,the main large wild herbivores distributed in Angsai Township.The Maximum Entropy model(MaxEnt)was used to calculate the suitable habitat area of them.In addition,we used a suitable area to calculate the amount of wildlife.And livestock population numbers were based on official data.The actual carrying capacity was represented in standard sheep units converted for both large wild herbivores and livestock according to the agricultural industry standard of China(NY/T635—2015).The grassland forage yield was estimated by a remote sensing-process coupled model,and the theoretical carrying capacity in the term on edible herbage and crude protein was estimated.The grazing pressure index was used to assess the grazing status of ungulates in the region.The results showed the actual carrying capacity was contributed by approximately(0.67±0.35)×10^(4)standard sheep units for wild animals,and about 12.99×10^(4)standard sheep units from the domestic animals.Under reasonable utilization,the theoretical carrying capacity of edible herbage was 13.15×10^(4)standard sheep units,and the theoretical carrying capacity of crude protein of maintaining

关 键 词：草地承载力 草畜平衡 三江源国家公园 大型野生食草动物 家畜 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学]