中国传统历法中交食亏复方位研究  

Study on the Direction of the Occultation of Eclipses in Chinese Traditional Calendars

作　　者：辛佳岱 吕鹏 XIN Jiadai;L Peng(Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China;Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage and Digital Humanities,Xi'an 710127,China;School of History and Culture of Science,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学科学史高等研究院,西安710127 [2]陕西省文化遗产数字人文重点实验室,西安710127 [3]上海交通大学科学史与科学文化研究院,上海200240

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2024年第4期427-440,共14页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目“中国古代月亮运动理论的模型及其精度研究”(项目编号:12303069);国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国历法史”(项目编号:22&ZD221)。

摘　　要：交食亏复方位是中国古代历法步交会术中重要的内容,对完整描述交食过程不可或缺,且被作为验证一部历法好坏的标准之一。然而,前人对历代交食亏复方位术文的校勘及理解仍存在不足。本文梳理总结并探讨了传统历法中交食亏复方位判定方法的造术原理和演变过程:曹魏《景初历》最早引入判别亏起方位的方法,讨论了“月在内、外道”和“交”、“会”先后情形下的交食亏起方位,但是术文的描述与实际天象不符,究其原因,或与其制历时所用的粗糙日月轨道图示有关;隋唐及以后的历法家不再考虑“交”、“会”,亏复方位判定方法在《大业历》、《戊寅元历》基础上得以继承发展,至《大衍历》完善。后世历法中的此类方法直到明《大统历》、《回回历法》均与《大衍历》基本无异。与主流方法不同,《皇极历》术文繁杂,或是源于观测,《钦天历》考虑了黄道斜正等更多观测上的影响方位因素,推测其术源于一种完善的日月轨道模型理论。Finding the beginning or end direction of an occultation is important in the descriptions of eclipses in Chinese calendar-making systems,and it is used as one standard to verify the quality of a calendar.However,there are still some deficiencies in our understanding and textual editing of this.Through an examination of the original texts and analysis of the principle of the rules,we summarize the evolution of the rules pertaining of the beginning or end direction of occultation in calendric systems.The Jingchu li(景初历,Jingchu Calendar)of the Cao Wei period first introduced the rule that gives the direction of the occultation in the cases of“the moon on the inner and outer paths”and the sequence of jiao(交,sun passing the node)and hui(会,occultation),but is wrong,perhaps due of the rough calculations of the paths of the sun and the moon that lie behind it;the calendars of the Sui and Tang dynasties and later no longer considered jiao and hui,developing a rule on the base of the Daye li(大业历,Daye Calendar)and the Wuyinyuan li(戊寅元历,Wuyinyuan Calendar),which is perfected in the Dayan li(大衍历,Dayan Calendar);later rules up to the Ming's Datong li(大统历,Datong Calendar)and Huihui lifa(回回历法,Muslim Calendar)are basically no different from that of the Dayan li.On the other hand,the rule in the Huangji li(皇极历,Huangji Calendar)is probably based on observation,while that in the later Qintian li(钦天历,Qintian Calendar)involving the consideration of the ecliptic's change,is on an elaborate model theory of the paths of the sun and the moon.

关 键 词：《景初历》 《大衍历》 《钦天历》 交食 亏复方位 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]