反不正当竞争法保护商业数据的争议与抉择  

Controversies and Choices in Protecting Commercial Data under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law

作　　者：左添熠 ZUO Tian-yi(Law School,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《中国流通经济》2025年第3期114-128,共15页China Business and Market

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“网络化开放创新范式下企业知识产权市场化保护与价值转化法律机制研究”(21&ZD141)。

摘　　要：反不正当竞争法是保护商业数据的重要依据,但因在法律实践中频繁适用一般条款,出现判断要件不明晰、保护规则不统一和保护效果不确定等问题,进而引发了坚守行为规制模式还是转向权利保护模式的争议。法律保护应当与产业发展阶段相适配,当前数据权益范围尚不明晰、数据利益分配难以达成共识、数字经济发展方兴未艾,贸然赋权将增加市场交易成本、阻碍资源有效利用,应当坚持弱约束的基调,发挥反不正当竞争法为数据提供场景化保护和孵化型保护的制度优势,以弹性的规则构造实现既能适用禁止盗用规则满足私益保护需求,又能通过维护自由竞争空间因应数尽其用的公共利益需要。《反不正当竞争法》修订中“商业数据专条”的引入为数据权益保护提供了全新视角,在法律制定上,就规范体系而言,应以公开性为标准,区分管理措施和保密措施,将非公开数据纳入商业秘密制度保护、公开数据纳入商业数据专条保护;就规范结构而言,数据获取行为的正当性不能推定数据使用行为的正当性,对使用行为有必要进行独立评价;就规范内容而言,不正当获取数据行为条款中应删去“以盗窃、胁迫、欺诈等方式”的表述,增加“避开”的规范要素以提升保护范围的完整性。在法律实施上,增设类型化条款意味着行政实施全面介入数字空间竞争秩序的维护,应将行政执法权赋予竞争主管机构以解决多头执法问题,同时在司法适用中回归一般条款的严格主义和去道德化适用趋向,恪守反不正当竞争法的谦抑性,最终实现数据要素市场的公平竞争和有序流通。The anti-unfair competition law is an important path to protect commercial data;however,due to the frequent application of general provisions in legal practice,there are problems such as unclear judgemental elements,inconsistent protection rules and uncertain protection effects,which have triggered the controversy over whether to adhere to the behavioural regulation model or to turn to the rights protection model.Legal protection should be adapted to the stage of industrial development.At present,the scope of data rights and interests is still unclear,it is difficult to reach a consensus on the distribution of data benefits,and the development of the digital economy is in the ascendant,and the hasty empowerment will increase the market transaction costs and impede the effective utilisation of resources,which should adhere to the weak constraints and give full play to the systemic advantages of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law in providing scenario-based and incubation-type protection of data.With the help of flexible rules,it can be realized that private interests can be protected by the"no theft"rule;meanwhile,meet the needs of public interests of leveraging data by maintaining the space of free competition.The introduction of the"Special Article on Commercial Data"in the revision of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law has provided a new perspective for the protection of data rights and interests.In terms of lawmaking,as far as the normative system is concerned,publicity can be taken as the criterion,so as to incorporate non-disclosed data into the protection of the trade secret system,and publicly available data into the protection of the special article on commercial data;as far as the normative structure is concerned,the legitimacy of the data acquisition behaviour cannot presume the legitimacy of the data use behaviour,and the use behaviour has the necessity of its independent evaluation;as far as the normative content is concerned,the expression"by way of theft,coercion,fraud,etc."should be deleted from the prov

关 键 词：商业数据 不正当竞争 数据专条 一般条款 

分 类 号：F203.9[经济管理—国民经济]