制衡机制与内外失据:咸丰朝江西学政参与军事考  

Balances and Imbalances: Role of Education Commissioners from Jiangxi in Military Affairs During Xianfeng Era

作　　者：黄田 李晓蓉 HUANG Tian;LI Xiaorong(Institute for History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China;Center for China Studies,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong 999077,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院自然科学史研究所,北京100010 [2]香港中文大学中国研究中心,中国香港999077

出　　处：《井冈山大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期123-132,共10页Journal of Jinggangshan University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：上海市哲社规划项目“清代江南地区驿传制度研究”(项目编号:2018ELS006)。

摘　　要：咸丰年间太平军兴,学政也卷入军务之中。领兵督抚在主持军事的过程中集中了大量资源,学政、督抚之间的权力制衡机制被打破,权势天平向督抚倾斜。在军事压倒一切的时期,江西学政经历了由“内官”转任“外官”、深度参与兵事、最终回归本职的过程,制衡机制也由此失衡和重建。对清廷中央而言,学政参与军事只是临时性的应急措施,并非体制的发展方向。因此,学政群体在参与军事的过程中时常陷入“内外失据”的境地,他们的仕途走向并不与真实贡献相符,而与清廷当时的策略和需求密切相关。During the Xianfeng reign,the rise of Taiping Army led to the involvement of provincial education commissionersinto military affairs.The governors who commanded troops and mobilized resources,disrupted the power balance between education commissioners and governors,with increasing power of the governors.In a period with military matters as priority,Jiangxi education commissioners experienced a shift from"internal official"to"external official",deeply engaging in military affairs,and eventually returning to their original duties.This process disrupted and reshaped the balances mechanism.For the Qing central government,the education commissioners'involvement in military affairs was merely a temporary emergency measure,not indicative of systemic evolution.Consequently,the Provincial Education Commissioners often found themselves in a precarious position of"awkward situation between internal and external roles",where their career trajectories were less influenced by actual contributions and more by the Qing court's strategies and immediate needs.

关 键 词：江西学政 军事 制衡 仕途 皇权体制 

分 类 号：K2[历史地理—历史学]