育种产业化背景下生物遗传资源安全:趋势研判、现实困境及实现机制  

Trend analysis, realistic dilemmas, and realization mechanisms for biological genetic resource security under the background of breeding industrialization

作　　者：张文斐[1] 江知禾 Wenfei Zhang;Zhihe Jiang(College of Humanities&Social Sciences/Agricultural and Rural Rule of Law Innovation Research Center,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学文法学院/农业农村法治创新研究中心,武汉430070

出　　处：《生物多样性》2024年第11期234-245,共12页Biodiversity Science

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(23YJC820055);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金(2662021WFQD002)。

摘　　要：生物遗传资源作为重要的战略基础性资源,是生物育种产业化扩面提速的基石。创新驱动生物育种技术,引领产业高质量发展;法治保障生物遗传资源,筑牢安全坚实防线。因此,探讨育种产业化背景下的生物遗传资源安全具有重要的现实意义,可为发展农业新质生产力提供支撑。研究发现,生物遗传资源关乎国家生物安全、粮食安全以及社会安全,在育种产业化背景下,生物遗传资源安全呈现出价值综合化、监管全程化与保障国际化的发展趋势,尤其表现为生物遗传资源源头保护、数字序列信息分享利用及生物育种技术应用监管方面的国际化共识。然而囿于生物安全法律体系的融贯性不足,生物遗传资源法律保护模式缺位,资源安全管理机制缺乏可操作性等现实困境,外来物种入侵、遗传资源流失、亲本品种盗用等生物遗传资源安全问题频发。为此,应健全国内法治体系,良性对接国际规则,以实现生物遗传资源安全整体性保护法治路径的推进;设立生物遗传资源权这一新兴权利,综合保障遗传信息与保存主体权利,以实现生物遗传资源专门权保护模式的构建;健全资源获取与惠益分享机制,强化生物遗传资源分级管理机制,优化安全风险防范与应急机制,以实现生物遗传资源安全综合管理机制的完善。以此保障育种产业化背景下的生物遗传资源安全,促进生物育种产业高质量可持续发展,维护生物遗传资源的多样性。Aims:Biological genetic resources are important strategies that act as a cornerstone to expand and expedite biological breeding industrialization.Innovation drives biological breeding technology and leads to the high-quality development of industry techniques.Rule of law serves as both a safeguard and a solid line of defense for security.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to explore biological genetic resource security under the background of breeding industrialization to provide support for the development of new quality agricultural products.Methods:Systematically review and consolidate foundational theories were completed by using literature analysis method from relevant domestic and international literature.The focus encompassed:(1)the assessment of current advancements in biological breeding technology;(2)the exploration of challenges and trends in security value of biological genetic resources.Furthermore,using normative analysis method,following the structured path of“identifying problems-analyzing problems-proposing solutions”,based on a careful examination of existing legal provisions and problems,construct the realization mechanisms for biological genetic resource security under the background of breeding industrialization.Results:Our results indicate that biological genetic resources are related to national biological security,food security,and social security.Under the background of breeding industrialization,biological genetic resource security presents a trend of comprehensive value,whole-process supervision,and international protection.In particular,it is reflected in the international consensus on source protection that the sharing and utilization of digital sequence information are important in the application and supervision of biological breeding technology.However,because of realistic dilemmas,such as incoherence of the biological security legal system,a lack of legal protection,and a lack of operability on resource security management mechanisms,these dilemmas create frequent

关 键 词：育种产业化 生物遗传资源安全 “生物遗传资源法” 生物遗传资源权 安全综合管理 

分 类 号：Q16[生物学—普通生物学]