文本与事实:清中叶河南地方社会职役与治理  

Text and Fact:Zhiyi and Governance in Henan Local Society in the Mid Qing Dynasty

作　　者：常建华[1] CHANG Jianhua(Center for Chinese Social History,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学中国社会史研究中心,天津300350

出　　处：《安徽史学》2025年第2期38-51,共14页Historical Research In Anhui

摘　　要：清朝刑科题本记录河南乾隆朝命案报案职役的23个事例中,职役名称主要是“地方”与“地保”;嘉庆朝报案职役的87个事例中,职役名称基本上是“地保”。这种从多样化到一致性的变化,需要考察刑科题本书写的真实性。刑科题本出现的地保,是以保为单位的报案者,同时报案者也可能是“地方”或“保正”(保长),而被刑科题本的书写者统一为地保。《清仁宗实录》记载了嘉庆朝的乡约活动,故需要注意乡约的存在。保甲与地方、乡约构成清代中叶河南职役的形态。雍乾时期河南持续推行保甲以来,“保甲”与“地方”“乡约”趋于结合,民间碑刻记载河南府乾嘉时期乡保、地方、保正、保地的存在状况,也证明了这一点。研究所见,河南与山东、直隶地方社会职役形态近似,显示出华北特色。There were 23 cases of murders in the book of the penal cases in Henan during the Qianlong period in the Qing Dynasty,whose Zhiyi as reporters were mainly Difang(地方)and Dibao.And there were 87 cases during the Jiaqing period,whose Zhiyi as reporters were usually Dibao.This change from diversity to singleness calls for an examination of the authenticity of the writing of the book of the penal cases.Dibao who appeared in the book of the penal cases were reporters organized by Bao.At the same time,the reporter may also be Difang or Baozheng(保正)(Baozhang保长),whose names were unified by the writers of the book of the penal cases.The Real Records of Emperor Renzong of the Qing Dynasty recorded the activities of Xiangyue(乡约)during the Jiaqing period.The existence of the Xiangyue need to be noted.Baojia(保甲)together with Difang and Xiangyue constituted the form of Zhiyi in Henan in the mid Qing Dynasty.Along with the Baojia institution implementing in Henan during Yongzheng and Qianlong period,Baojia,Difang and Xiangyue tended to combine with each other.Folk inscriptions recorded the existence of Xiangbao,Difang,Baozheng and Baodi in Henan Province during Qianlong and Jiaqing period.According to the research findings,the forms of Zhiyi in Henan were similar to those in Shandong and Zhili,showing the characteristics of North China.

关 键 词：地保 乡保 刑科题本 田文镜 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]