明代山西地区军兵粮饷供需特征  

Characteristics of Supply and Demand of Military Grain and Wages in Shanxi Province during the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：王耀科 Wang Yaoke

机构地区：[1]《青海师范大学学报》编辑部,青海西宁810008

出　　处：《高原文化研究》2024年第4期57-69,共13页Plateau Culture Research

摘　　要：明朝依托山西地理要津,在该地区的军事机构除山西都司与山西行都司外,还相继设立了大同镇与山西镇的双重军事系统,导致明代山西地区的卫所分布、军事管理与后勤供给均发生变革。明代粮饷的供需主要有军屯、民运、开中、京运、徭役、加派等项。山西行都司未设立前,军饷主要由山东、山西布政司税粮供给,辅之两地盐课折收银布运往大同籴买,民运粮占主导地位。明初山西行都司的军需粮饷以民运税粮为主,辅之屯粮、开中,在民运税粮改折后,籴买制逐渐成为军粮供给主要手段,最终促成了明初民运、屯田、开中三位一体的边防粮饷供应体系的解体。但是随着社会的发展和相关制度的变革,以及大同镇、山西镇边防战略地位提升的情况下,战事所需庞大戍防群体的主客兵规模,使得该地区的后勤粮饷供给发生了变化。地方原有军需后勤因区域社会资源配输情况的变化,难以接续和应付新的军政措施,于此,政府不得不重构各地区之间兵源、粮饷等军需后勤事宜。Based on the geographical location of Shanxi,the Ming Dynasty established a dual military system of Datong Town and Shanxi Town in addition to the Shanxi Governor's Office and Shanxi Governor's Office in the region,which led to changes in the distribution of guard stations,military management,and logistics supply in Shanxi during the Ming Dynasty.The supply and demand of grain and rations in the Ming Dynasty mainly included military garrisons,civilian movements,Kai Zhong,Beijing movements,corvée labor,and additional distribution.Before the establishment of the Shanxi Provincial Administration,military rations were mainly supplied by taxes and grain from Shandong and Shanxi provinces,supplemented by the transportation of salt and grain from the two provinces to Datong for purchase.Civilian grain transportation played a dominant role.At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty,the military supplies and salaries of the Shanxi Provincial Administration were mainly based on the transportation of grain and taxes for the people,supplemented by grain storage and opening up.After the reform of the transportation of grain and taxes for the people,the purchase system gradually emerged as the main means of supplying military supplies,ultimately leading to the dissolution of the three in one border defense grain and salary supply system of the Ming Dynasty's transportation of grain,land storage,and opening up.However,with the development of society and changes in relevant institutional policies,as well as the elevation of the strategic position of border defense in Datong and Shanxi towns,the large number of main and auxiliary troops required for the war has led to changes in the logistics and food supply in the region.Due to changes in the distribution of social resources in the region,it is difficult for local military logistics to continue and cope with new military and political measures.Therefore,the goverment has to restructure military logisties matters such as troop sources and food supply between different regions.

关 键 词：明代山西 军兵后勤 粮饷供需 

分 类 号：K23[历史地理—历史学]