用于超级电容器的生物炭电极材料性能研究进展  

Research Progress on Properties of Bio-Carbon Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

作　　者：梁雨晖 陈德珍[1,2] LIANG Yuhui;CHEN Dezhen(Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China;Shanghai Multi-source Solid Waste Collaborative Treatment and Energy Engineering Technology Research Center,Shanghai 200092,China)

机构地区：[1]同济大学热能与环境工程研究所,上海200092 [2]上海市多源固废协同处理和能源化工程技术研究中心,上海200092

出　　处：《新能源进展》2025年第1期51-68,共18页Advances in New and Renewable Energy

基　　金：上海市科委碳达峰碳中和专项项目(22dz1208200)。

摘　　要：在众多储能元件中,超级电容器因具有功率密度高、倍率性能优异、循环稳定性好的优点而受到广泛关注。以低成本、绿色清洁、含碳量高的生物炭作为电极材料是目前的主要研究方向。回顾了生物炭制备方法包括热解、水热和气化对生物炭作为电极原材料的适应性;分析了生物炭比表面积、孔隙结构、官能团、电导率等性质对超级电容器性能的影响;讨论了生物炭物理活化、化学活化、原子掺杂、导电聚合物与生物炭复合、金属氧化物与生物炭复合等活化改性方法对超级电容器性能的提升;比较了常见生物质类型如木质、海洋生物质、草本和水果等生物质在超级电容器中的应用性能。结果表明:以高比表面积和构建合适的介孔微孔比为生物炭改性目标,并通过掺入杂原子或导电聚合物来增加比电容是合适路径。在众多生物质中,木质生物质因孔隙发达、灰分低、纤维素含量高等优势而成为主要研究对象,可制备多级多孔结构和超高含碳量的生物炭,有望用于生产高性能超级电容器电极材料。目前,进一步明确生物炭特性和超级电容性能之间的构效关系仍是研究重点。Supercapacitors have received widespread attention for their high-power density,excellent multiplier performance,and good cycling stability among many energy storage elements.The main research direction nowadays is the use of low-cost,green and clean biomass with high carbon content as the raw material for electrodes.This paper reviews the adaptability of biochar preparation methods including pyrolysis,hydrothermal,and gasification to be used as raw materials for electrodes;analyzes the effects of properties such as specific surface area,pore structure,functional groups,conductivity,and vibrational density of biochar on the performance of supercapacitors;discusses the effects of modification methods such as physical activation,chemical activation,heteroatom doping,composite of conductive polymers and biochar,and composite of metal oxides and biochar on the supercapacitor performance enhancement;and compared the performance of common biomass types such as woody,marine,herbaceous,and fruit biomass in supercapacitor applications.Based on the above analysis,it is recommended that the development direction of biomass as supercapacitor electrode materials is to use pyrolysis as the common way of making charcoal,with a high specific surface area and suitable mesoporous-microporous ratio as the main objectives of structural modification,and to increase the specific capacitance by doping with heteroatoms or conductive polymers,etc.Among the many biomasses,the woody biomass has become the main target of the study due to its well-developed pore space,low ash content,high cellulose content,and other advantages.It can prepare biochar with a multistage porous structure and ultra-high carbon content and produce high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials.

关 键 词：超级电容器 生物炭 电极材料 改性 比电容 

分 类 号：TK6[动力工程及工程热物理—生物能] X705[环境科学与工程—环境工程]