城市的生命线:美国工业化时代城市供水工程的发展  

The City's Lifeline:The Development of Urban Water Supply in the United States in the Industrial Age

作　　者：孙群郎[1] Sun Qunlang

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学人文学院

出　　处：《天津社会科学》2025年第1期149-160,176,共13页Tianjin Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“美国城市发展与环境治理研究”(项目号:20BSS037);教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“美国郊区的低密度开发与生态环境保护研究”(项目号:19YJA770013)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：美国19世纪的工业化和城市化使城市人口迅速增加,城市居民对清洁饮水的需求日益迫切。这一时期也是美国城市瘟疫流行的时期,当时占主导地位的瘴气学说认为,城市卫生的改进可以防止或减少瘟疫的爆发,因此需要大量的清水冲洗街道和明沟等。另外,美国城市的住房建筑主要采用木质结构,很容易引发火灾,因此也迫切需要大量的城市供水用于消防。但19世纪初期,美国城市供水主要由私人供水公司提供,由于其资金限制和盈利目的,并不能为城市提供充足、清洁和健康的用水。因此,公共供水工程得到迅速发展,并在19世纪末20世纪初的城市供水中占据主导地位,为城市提供了充足的饮用、卫生和消防用水。与此同时,城市供水系统逐步得到完善,建立了供水过滤系统并采用化学消杀措施,使城市供水更加清洁而健康,从而有效地保护了城市居民的生命财产安全。The industrialization and urbanization in the United States in the 19th century increased the urban population rapidly,and the water supply needs of cities were becoming more and more urgent.This period was also one of urban plagues in the United States.The dominant miasma theory held that the improvement of urban hygiene could prevent or reduce the outbreak of plagues,so a large amount of chean water was needed to wash the streets and open ditches,etc.In addition,American urban housing buildings were mainly made of wood,which were prone to fires,so there was an urgent need for large amounts of water supply for firefighting.However,in the early l9th century,American urban water supply was mainly provided by private water supply companies,which could not provide adequate,clean and healthy water for cities due to their financial constraints and profit-making purposes.As a result,public water works developed rapidly and became dominant in the late 19th and early 2oth centuries,providing ample water for the cities.At the same time,the American water supply systems were further improved,that is,water filtration systems were established and chemical disinfection measures were taken.So American urban water supply became cleaner and healthier,thus effectively protected the life and property safety of urban residents.

关 键 词：城市供水 供水公司 供水工程 过滤系统 氯气消杀 

分 类 号：TU991[建筑科学—市政工程]