人工细胞的构筑及生物医学应用  

Construction of Artificial Cells and Their Biomedical Application

作　　者：李家奇 窦红静[1] LI Jiaqi;DOU Hongjing(State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites,School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,金属基复合材料国家重点实验室,上海200240

出　　处：《材料导报》2025年第5期1-13,共13页Materials Reports

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(52150410403)。

摘　　要：人工细胞是一类具有活细胞结构和功能特性的人造微囊体,因相关研究对于探寻生命起源、构筑生物活性材料的重要意义,成为近年来材料、化学、生物医学等多学科交叉领域的研究热点。根据构筑方法是从微观到宏观尺度,还是相反地从宏观到微观尺度,构筑人工细胞的方法可分为“自下而上”和“自上而下”两大类,两者各具特色、互为补充。其中,由自下而上方法构筑的人工细胞具备更为丰富的生物分子构筑单元和灵活的功能性,因而在生物医学领域展现出巨大的应用前景。基于如上背景,本文综述了由各类方法构筑的人工细胞模型,包括脂质体囊泡、多糖囊泡、蛋白类囊泡、聚合物囊泡和无机胶体囊泡等;并根据不同种类人工细胞的功能特性,讨论了它们作为生物分子运输载体、微型反应器、生物传感器和信号调节器等在生物医学领域尤其是医学诊断和治疗中的应用现状。Artificial cells are synthetic microstructures engineered to replicate the structural and functional characteristics of living cells.These cell-like constructs have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance our understanding of the origins of life and their application in the development of biologically active materials.Consequently,they have become a focal point in interdisciplinary research across materials science,chemistry,and biomedicine.The methods for constructing artificial cells can be broadly categorized into two main approaches,i.e.bottom-up and top-down,based on the scale of construction.These two methods have their own characteristics and complement each other.Among them,bottom-up approach,which involves the self-assembly of molecular components into larger,cell-like structures,offers a wide range of options for selecting building blocks.This flexibility allows for the tailoring of functionalities that are consistent with the properties of the chosen biomaterials,thereby unlocking numerous potential applications in biomedicine due to the inherent biocompatibility of these building blocks.This review focuses on reported models of artificial cells constructed by various methods,encompassing a diverse array of biomolecular building blocks,including lipid and phospholipid-based structures(such as liposomes and giant unilamellar vesicles),polysaccharide-based structures(polysaccharidosomes),protein-based structures(proteinosomes),polymer-based structures(polymersomes),and colloidal particle-based structures(colloidosomes).Additionally,the current applications of these artificial cells are also explored,highlighting their roles as biological car-riers,micro-reactors,biosensors,and signal regulators,with a particular emphasis on their use in medical diagnostics and therapeutic interven-tions.

关 键 词：人工细胞 微囊体 生物医学应用 医学诊疗 

分 类 号：TB34[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]