河南省平顶山应国墓地出土西周玉鱼的造型特征研究  

Iconographic and Stylistic Characteristics of Fish-Shaped Jade Artifact Unearthed from the Western Zhou Dynasty Ying State Cemetery,Pingdingshan,Henan Province

作　　者：王小迪 张立新 马青 张龙博 刘楠 郭球珍 宋君威 赵洁 WANG Xiaodi;ZHANG Lixin;MA Qing;ZHANG Longbo;LIU Nan;GUO Qiuzhen;SONG Junwei;ZHAO Jie(Henan Institute of Product Quality Inspection and Supervision/National Center for Quality Supervision and Inspection of Gem&Gold-Silver Jewelry(Henan),Zhengzhou 450000,China;School of Resources and Environment,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo 454000,China)

机构地区：[1]河南省产品质量检验技术研究院有限公司/国家玉石金银饰品质量检验检测中心(河南),河南郑州450000 [2]河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南焦作454000

出　　处：《宝石和宝石学杂志(中英文)》2025年第1期69-76,共8页Journal of Gems & Gemmology

基　　金：河南省市场监督管理局科技计划项目——岩矿化学测试和雕刻纹饰特征在河南区域古玉种属和朝代溯源中的应用(2023sj37)。

摘　　要：鱼形玉器(玉鱼)作为中国古代玉器的一大门类,其发展脉络及使用历史贯穿了玉文化演进史。在针对玉鱼的系统研究中,以往学者主要集中在外形、材质、实用功能等方面,极少对其造型特征和文化寓意进行梳理。本研究以河南省平顶山应国墓地出土的西周时期玉鱼为研究对象,重点探究了其造型特点、功能及其背后蕴含的历史文化寓意。结果显示,该西周时期玉鱼样品的颜色以黄色为主,偶见深绿色和墨绿色;形制普遍较小,长度多数在5 cm以内,多有穿孔,表面普遍存在不同程度的沁色现象;基于纹饰工艺特征可分为造型玉鱼、功能玉鱼、佩戴玉鱼三种类型。值得注意的是,个别应国墓地出土玉鱼还具有龙形特征,其造型设计和功能价值体现周王朝的阶级制度和宗教观念,侧面反映西周人对自然的崇拜逐步向人格化发展,进一步丰富了西周时期玉器历史文化信息。As a significant category of ancient Chinese jade artifacts,the fish-shaped jade demonstrates a development trajectory and usage history through the evolutionary process of jade culture.Previous systematic studies on fish-shaped jade have primarily focused on morphological characteristics,materials and utilitarian functions,studies that sort out their iconographic and stylistic characteristics and cultural symbolism are rare.This study investigates the Western Zhou Dynasty fish-shaped jade artifacts unearthed from the Ying State cemetery in Pingdingshan,Henan Province,and focuses on their iconographic and stylistic characteristics,functional applications and underlying historical-cultural connotations.The fish-shaped jade artifact samples are mainly yellow in colour,with occasional deep green and blackish green;they are generally small in size,with measuring under 5 cm in length,featuring characteristic perforations and universal surface calcification phenomena.Based on the characteristics of ornamental motifs and craftmanship techniques,they are classified into three types:ornamental fish-shaped jade,utilitarian fish-shaped jade and wearable fish-shaped jade.Specific jade fish artifacts from the Ying State cemetery exhibit dragon-like characteristics.Their design and functional significance not only reveal the hierarchical system and religious ideology of the Zhou Dynasty,but also reflect progressive anthropomorphization of natural worship during the Western Zhou period,thereby enriching the historical and cultural context of jade artifacts from the era.

关 键 词：玉鱼 造型特征 西周 应国墓地 河南省平顶山 

分 类 号：K876.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] TS93[历史地理—历史学]