马克思对亚里士多德时间观的继承与超越——兼论“质性时间说”对《资本论》的误读  

Marx's Inheritance and Transcendence of Aristotle's Philosophy of Time--On the Misreading of Das Kapital by the Concept of"Qualitative Time"

作　　者：范高高 Fan Gaogao(College of Philosopy and Sociology,Jilin University,Changchun,Jilin 130012)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学哲学社会学院,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《长江论坛》2025年第1期5-16,共12页Yangtze Tribune

摘　　要：从自然或实践角度揭示时间的本质,一直是哲学探究的重要主题。《资本论》作为马克思揭露资本主义生产方式“奥秘”的最重要著作,同样隐含了一种特殊的哲学时间观。然而,有学者提出以不包含任何量化因素的“质性时间”来理解《资本论》中的哲学时间观,却是一种严重的误读。这不仅是因为马克思在《资本论》中从未直接或间接地表达过这种形而上学的时间观,而且因为从这种纯粹“质性时间”到“量化时间”的逻辑转换面临严重困难。从根本上说,这一误读源于未能正确把握住马克思与亚里士多德哲学时间观之间的继承发展关系。事实上,亚里士多德与马克思在时间观上的最大不同在于,前者从自然哲学角度把时间规定为“关于前后的运动的数”,后者则从实践哲学即实践唯物主义角度把时间规定为人的生命的自我确证,从而二者的本质区别不在“量化时间”与“质性时间”的对立,而仅在“自然时间”和“社会时间”的视角差异。换言之,马克思在《资本论》中既继承了亚里士多德从量化角度把握时间的观念,又通过超越其自然哲学的眼界,开创了一种基于人类生产实践、着眼于人的时间解放的全新哲学时间观。Rcvcaling thc csscnce of timc from the perspcetivc of naturc or practicc has always bean animportant themc in philosophical inquiry.As Marx's most important work for exposing thc"mystcry"of thecapitalist modc of production,Das Kapital also implics a spccial philosophical vicw of timc.Howcver,somescholars proposc to undcrstand thc philosophical view of timc in Das Kapital with"qualitativc timne"that docsnot contain any quantitativc factors,which is a scrious misrecading.This is not only becausc Marx ncverdirectly or indircctly cxpresscd such a metaphysical view of timc in Das Kapital,but also bccusc the logicaltransfornation from this purc"qualitativc timc"to"quantitativc timc"faces scrious difficultics.Fundamcntallyspcaking,this misreading stcms from thc failurc to corrcetly grasp thc inhcrituncc and devclopiment rclationshipbctwccn Marx's and Aristotle's philosophical views of timc.ln fact,thc grcatcst diffcrencc bctween Aristotle'sand Marx's vicws of timc lics in that the formcr detincs timc as"the numbcr of motion with rcspcet to thcbcforc and uftcr"from thc perspcctivc of natural philosophy,whilc thc lattcr defincstimc as thc sclf-confirmution of human life from thc pcrspcctivc of practical philosophy,that is,practical matcriualism.Thus,thc csscntial diffcrencc bctwccn thc two docs not lic in thc opposition bctwccn"quantitativc time"and"qualitativc timc",but only in thc differencc in perspectivcs bctwecn"natural tinc"and"social time".In othcrwordls,in Das Kapital,Marx not only inhcritd Aristotlc's conccpt of grasping timc from a quantitativcperspcetivc,but also,by trunscending thc horizon of natural philosophy,ercated a brand-ncw philosophicalvicw of timc buscd on human production practicc and focusing on human frecdom and libcration.

关 键 词：质性时间 量化时间 《资本论》 亚里士多德的哲学时间观 自由时间 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]