堆肥替代化肥对冬小麦产量、农学及环境效益的影响  

Effects of Compost Replacing Chemical Fertilizers on Yield, Agronomic and Environmental Benefits of Winter Wheat

作　　者：徐晓峰[1] 田燕娇 XU Xiaofeng;TIAN Yanjiao(College of Agriculture/College of Peony,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang 471023,China)

机构地区：[1]河南科技大学农学院/牡丹学院,河南洛阳471023

出　　处：《河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2025年第1期80-87,M0006,M0007,共10页Journal of Henan University of Science And Technology:Natural Science

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0201700)。

摘　　要：为明确有机肥替代化肥比例对冬小麦产量和效率的影响,大田试验以不施肥为对照(CK),共设置常规施氮即全用化肥(0%OM)、有机肥氮替代20%(质量分数)化肥氮(20%OM)、有机肥氮替代50%化肥氮(50%OM)、有机肥氮替代70%化肥氮(70%OM)共4个堆肥替代化肥处理,监测了2021—2024年共3个年度冬小麦的群体动态、花前干物质输出特点、产量及产量构成,并计算了氮肥利用效率、碳减排量及环境和农学综合效益。结果表明:连续3年不施肥和施用全量化肥产量均表现为逐年下降。20%OM处理在第1年的产量低于0%OM处理,但后2年与0%OM处理相比,20%OM处理下小麦产量增加了34%~44%,穗数增加了7%~16%、穗粒数增幅了8%~39%,产量均达到最高。50%OM、70%OM处理在第1年的产量均高于20%OM处理,但后2年的产量均低于20%OM处理,但差异不显著。各堆肥替代率下冬前和拔节期苗数无显著差异,但堆肥替代部分化肥处理的穗数略高于化肥处理。与0%OM处理相比,20%、50%和70%替代率下可分别减少碳排放量82.82 kg/hm^(2)、165.64 kg/hm^(2)和248.46 kg/hm^(2)。综合小麦籽粒产量最高带来的效益,与0%OM处理相比,20%、50%和70%替代率下的综合效益分别为4 157.02元/hm^(2)、3 644.24元/hm^(2)和3 651.32元/hm^(2),而单纯不施化肥因产量损失将导致损失1 022.40元/hm^(2)。堆肥对化肥替代率的选择对冬小麦产量和效益有显著的影响。采用20%的替代率综合效益更好。To clarify the impact of the proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on the yield and efficiency of winter wheat,the field experiments took no fertilization as the control(CK),and a total of four compost replacing chemical fertilizer treatments were set up,namely conventional nitrogen application with all chemical fertilizers(0%OM),substitution of 20%(mass fraction)chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic nitrogen(20%OM),substitution of 50%chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic nitrogen(50%OM),and substitution of 70%chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic nitrogen(70%OM).The population dynamics,dry matter output characteristics before flowering,yield and yield components of winter wheat in three years from^(2)021 to 2024 were monitored,and the nitrogen use efficiency,carbon emission reduction,and comprehensive environmental and agronomic benefits were calculated.The results show that the yields of no fertilization for three consecutive years and the application of full-dose chemical fertilizers both show a decreasing trend year by year.The yield of the 20%OM treatment is lower than that of the 0%OM treatment in the first year.However,compare with the 0%OM treatment in the following two years,the wheat yield under the 20%OM treatment increase by 34%~44%,the number of spikes increase by 7%~16%,and the number of grains per spike increase by 8%~39%,and the yield reach the highest.The yields of the 50%OM and 70%OM treatments are both higher than that of the 20%OM treatment in the first year,but the yields in the following two years are lower than that of the 20%OM treatment,though the difference is not significant.There is no significant difference in the number of seedlings before winter and at the jointing stage under different compost substitution rates,but the number of spikes in the treatments where compost replaced part of the chemical fertilizer is slightly higher than that in the chemical fertilizer treatment.Compare with 0%OM treatment,the carbon emissions can be reduce by 82.82 k

关 键 词：堆肥 碳减排 替代率 冬小麦 产量 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]