水田和旱地无人机飞播油菜适宜缓释肥用量  

Appropriate amount of the controlled-release fertilizer for aerial-sown rapeseed in paddy and upland field

作　　者：陶玥玥[1] 黄萌[1] 朱赟德 田婷[1] 余意雯 王海候[1] 孙华[1] TAO Yueyue;HUANG Meng;ZHU Yunde;TIAN Ting;YU Yiwen;WANG Haihou;SUN Hua(Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Taihu Lake District,Suzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of China Rape Research System,Suzhou 215155,China;Suzhou Jinxiangyi Agricultural Machinery Professional Cooperative,Suzhou 215155,China)

机构地区：[1]苏州市农业科学院/江苏太湖地区农业科学研究所,国家油菜产业技术体系苏州综合试验站,苏州215155 [2]苏州市金香溢农机专业合作社,苏州215155

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2025年第2期94-102,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32101854);国家现代农业油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2020385);苏州市农业科学院院基金项目(21009)。

摘　　要：为明确无人机撒播油菜缓释肥适宜施用量,为飞播油菜增产节本施肥提供依据,该研究设置了水田和旱地大田试验,各设不施肥(CRF0)、常规施肥(CF)和专用缓释肥300、600、900和1 200 kg/hm~2(CRF300、CRF600、CRF900和CRF1200)6个施肥处理,分析飞播油菜产量构成、氮素吸收和土壤养分对缓释肥用量的响应特征。结果表明:水田飞播油菜产量整体低于旱地,尤其低施肥水平下;水田土壤硝态氮含量较旱地降低84.4%,硝铵比降低93.4%。缓释肥用量增加可大幅提高水田飞播油菜产量,与CF相比:CRF1200显著增产32.4%(P<0.05),单株角果数和收获密度分别显著增加33.7%和65.4%(P<0.05),地上部生物量显著增加45.0%~98.2%(P<0.05),播种-蕾薹期作物生长速率显著提高78.6%~106.7%(P<0.05)。缓释肥900 kg/hm~2及以下时单株角果数显著减少27.6%~63.2%(P<0.05),其中CRF300和CRF600各生育期地上部生物量、氮吸收量及作物生长速率均受到显著抑制(P<0.05),CRF900角果至成熟期作物生长速率显著降低54.7%(P<0.05);旱地飞播油菜产量随缓释肥用量增加呈先增后降,CRF900较常规增产24.7%(P<0.05),主要是油菜播种-苗期、角果期-成熟期作物生长速率显著提高25.0%和3.75倍。与CRF900相比,CRF300和CRF600苗期-蕾薹期作物生长速率平均显著降低74.6%,CRF1200角果期-成熟期作物生长速率显著下降了39.5%(P<0.05)。综上,旱地基施900 kg/hm~2缓释肥可有效协调飞播油菜生长前、后期的土壤氮素供应与植株氮素吸收,保证成熟期充足有效的角果数和植株密度。水田缓释肥用量1 200 kg/hm~2促进飞播油菜冬前氮素和干物质积累,最终提高群体有效角果数而实现增产。To clarify the suitable application rate of controlled-release fertilizer for aerial-sown rapeseed,so to achieve the goal of improving the yield potential and reducing the productive cost for rapeseed production,in this study a field experiment was conducted in paddy and upland area with both six fertilization treatments,which included controlled-release formulated fertilizer quantities of 0,300,600,900 and 1200 kg/hm(CRF0,CRF300,CRF600,CRF900 and CRF1200)as well as the use of conventional fertilization(CF).The response of yield formation,nitrogen uptake accumulation and the changes of soil mineral nitrogen concentration for aerial-sown rapeseed during the growth season were investigated as affected by different amount of controlled-release fertilizer application in field experiment.The results were showed as followed:the yield of aerial-sown rapeseed at maturity in paddy field was overall lower than that in upland field,particularly for the low amount of fertilization treatment.The average of nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the soil during the growth season of paddy field was 84.4%lower than that in upland field,and the ratio of nitrate to ammonium was reduced by 93.4%as well.The rapeseed yield in paddy field were significantly improved with the increase amount of controlled-release fertilizer.Compared with CF,CRF1200 significantly increased the yield of aerial-sown rapeseed by 32.4%(P<0.05),the pod number per plant and harvest density of rapeseed at maturity were significantly increased by 33.7%and 65.4%(P<0.05),respectively,the accumulation of aboveground biomass was significantly increased by 45.0%-98.2%(P<0.05),and the crop growth rate from sowing-budding stage were significantly increased by 78.6%-106.7%(P<0.05).Compared to CF,with the quantities of 900 kg/hm’or less of controlled-release fertilizer,the pod number of rapeseed were all significantly decreased by 27.6%-63.2%(P<0.05),and the accumulation of aboveground biomass,the amount of nitrogen uptake and crop growth rate were all severely inhibited f

关 键 词：产量 干物质积累 缓释肥 飞播油菜 氮素吸收 土壤氮 

分 类 号：S141[农业科学—肥料学]