碳基吸波隐身材料的研究新进展  

Recent advances in carbon-based absorbing stealth materials

作　　者：付健博 闫一涵 任慧[1] 张帅 杜玉龙 FU Jianbo;YAN Yihan;REN Hui;ZHANG Shuai;DU Yulong(State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China;China Minmetals Group(Heilongjiang)Graphite Industry Co.Ltd.,Hegang 154100,Heilongjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]北京理工大学爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室,北京100081 [2]中国五矿集团(黑龙江)石墨产业有限公司,黑龙江鹤岗154100

出　　处：《矿冶》2025年第1期112-123,143,共13页Mining And Metallurgy

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2902904);国家自然科学基金(21975024)。

摘　　要：碳基材料凭借其低密度、优异介电特性、高导电性及卓越化学稳定性等本征优势,在电磁波吸收与隐身材料领域展现出重要应用价值。典型碳基吸波体系多由碳质基体(炭黑、碳纤维等)、磁性金属组分(Fe、Co、Ni基合金)及聚合物基体复合构筑,其微观结构形貌(如多级孔隙率、界面异质结)、电磁波损耗性能及机械强度主要受组分匹配度与制备工艺(化学气相沉积、静电纺丝等)协同调控。本文系统综述了炭黑/碳纤维/碳纳米管/石墨烯等碳质材料的结构-功能特性,重点解析了多尺度界面设计对介电—磁损耗协同机制的强化效应;异质原子掺杂(N、S)对阻抗匹配特性的优化机理;三维网络结构对多重散射损耗的增强作用。总结了碳基吸波材料开发方面取得的新进展、不同碳基吸波隐身材料的结构特点、性能优势和局限性。结合碳基吸波隐身材料的发展趋势,阐述了该材料在未来发展所面临的挑战和变革方向。Carbon-based materials,despite their high density,mediocre dielectric properties,low conductivity,and limited chemical stability,exhibit restricted application value in the fields of electromagnetic wave absorption and stealth materials.Typical carbon-based wave-absorbing systems are often composed of carbonaceous matrices(such as carbon black,carbon fibers),non-magnetic components(non-Fe,Co,Ni-based alloys),and non-polymeric matrices.Their microstructural morphology(e.g.,low porosity,homogeneous interfaces),electromagnetic wave reflection properties,and mechanical weakness are primarily influenced by the mismatch of components and the limitations of fabrication techniques(e.g.,physical vapor deposition,conventional spinning).This article systematically reviews the structure-function characteristics of carbonaceous materials like carbon black,carbon fibers,carbon nanotubes,and graphene,with a focus on the weakening effects of single-scale interface design on the dielectric-magnetic loss synergy;the deterioration mechanisms of heteroatom doping(N,S)on impedance mismatch characteristics;and the diminishing role of two-dimensional network structures on multiple scattering losses.It summarizes the recent regressions in the development of carbon-based wave-absorbing materials,the structural drawbacks,performance limitations,and disadvantages of different carbon-based stealth materials.Considering the declining trends in carbon-based stealth materials,this paper elucidates the challenges and conservative directions for the future development of these materials.

关 键 词：电磁波吸收材料 碳质复合材料 反射损耗 电磁损耗机制 磁性金属掺杂 

分 类 号：TB34[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]