数字经济时代我国数据安全刑法保护的不足与完善  

The Deficiency and Perfection of Chinese Data Security Criminal Law Protection in Digital Economy Era

作　　者：秦长森 QIN Changsen

机构地区：[1]东南大学法学院

出　　处：《中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期121-139,共19页Journal of China University of Mining & Technology(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“预防性犯罪化立法冲击下刑法教义学的应对与发展研究”(项目编号:22AFX008);江苏省研究生科研与实践创新项目“预防刑法观下的集体法益保护及其实践展开”(项目编号:KYCX23_0205)。

摘　　要：我国数据行政立法呈现活性化趋势,但数据犯罪的《刑法》规范却十分沉寂,这在形式上导致刑法难以有效地与前置法衔接,实质上造成数据犯罪的裁决较为混乱。面对数据安全刑法保护不足的困境,理论界以法益论为中心,先后形成了“前实证主义数据安全法益”“实证主义数据安全法益”“数据风险法益”等诸多立场,提出了各式各样的立法建议。然而,这些观点或忽略了数据与信息的区别,或导致数据犯罪的立法定位不清,或过分前置刑法介入数字市场的界限。对数据安全的刑法保护,应当在法秩序统一性原则的指导下,以《数据安全法》的立法目的为原点,以社会政策的现实要求为方向,以保障基本权利为核心,进而提炼出“数据状态安全法益”的论点。刑法保护数据安全是为了保障数据处于合法利用的状态,并具备保障持续安全状态的能力。当然,只有严重社会危害性的破坏行为才具有刑法规制的必要。在此基础上,我国未来的刑法完善应在第六章第一节《扰乱公共秩序罪》中增设破坏数据安全罪。China's data administrative legislation is more active,but the criminal law of data crime is very silent.This makes it difficult to effectively link the criminal law with the pre-law in form,and makes the verdict of data crime more confusing in essence.Faced with the dilemma of insufficient protection of data security in criminal law,the theory of legal interests has formed many positions such as"pre-positivist data security legal interests","positivist data security legal interests"and"data risk legal interests",and put forward various legislative proposals.However,these views either ignore the difference between data and information,or lead to unclear legislative positioning of data crimes,or excessively front-loaded criminal law to intervene in the boundaries of the digital market.The criminal law protection of data security should be guided by the principle of unity of legal order,take the legislative purpose of the Data Security Law as the starting point,take the practical requirements of social policy as the direction,and take the protection of basic rights as the core,and then condense the argument of"legal interests of data state security".The protection of data security in criminal law is to ensure that the data is in a state of lawful use and has the ability to ensure a continuous state of security.Of course,only the destructive behavior of serious social harm has the necessity of criminal law regulation.On this basis,the crime of destroying data security should be added to the crime of disturbing public order in the first section of Chapter 6 in the future perfection of criminal law.

关 键 词：数据状态安全 集体法益 数字经济 抽象危险犯 数据刑法 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学]