民生保障的权利话语辨析及其超越  

Analysis of the Discourse of Rights of People's Livelihood Guarantee and Its Transcendence

作　　者：张晗 Zhang Han

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学法律学院 [2]中共重庆市委党校(重庆行政学院)法学教研部

出　　处：《法学》2025年第2期17-35,共19页Law Science

基　　金：2024年度国家社会科学基金青年项目“全人类共同价值引领全球人权治理体系变革研究”(项目号:24CKS097)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：民生乃国之根本。以权利话语关涉民生保障是重要的立场和方法,但具有复杂面向的民生保障问题不能简单化为权利问题。民生保障当然具有权利维度,可以被理解为一种最低限度的社会权或经济、社会和文化权利。然而,民生保障远非权利话语可以穷尽:在话语内容上,它逐渐超越经济、社会和文化权利的范畴;在保障方式上,它更多被政策所驱动而非为法律所救济;在规范本质上,它首先应被理解为一种个人之先在义务。基于此,民生保障的理论建构应当超越宽泛的权利话语:在价值理念上,可以将民生保障发展为一套具有中国特色的社会公正标准,充分发挥其对民生政策供给的表达与评价功能;在制度规范上,应将民生保障作为宪法确立的国家目标予以解释、实施和监督,充分发挥其对民生事务的规范与保障功能,从而更为全面、准确地认识民生保障问题。People's livelihood is the foundation of a nation.It is an important position and approach to address livelihood protection with the rights discourse,but the issue of livelihood protection,which has a complex orientation,cannot be simplified as a rights issue.Of course,livelihood protection has a rights dimension and can be understood as a minimum social right or economic,social and cultural right.However,livelihood protection is far from exhaustive:in terms of discursive content,it gradually transcends the scope of economic,social and cultural rights;in terms of the way it is protected,it is more policy-driven than legally remedied;and in terms of its normative nature,it should be understood first and foremost as an individual's prior obligation.Based on this,the theoretical construction of livelihood protection should go beyond the broad rights discourse:in terms of value concepts,livelihood protection can be developed into a set of social justice standards with Chinese characteristics,giving full play to its function of expressing and evaluating the provision of livelihood policies;in terms of institutional norms,livelihood protection should be interpreted,implemented and supervised as a constitutionally-established national goal,giving full play to its function of regulating and safeguarding livelihood affairs,so as to more comprehensively and accurately understand livelihood issues.In terms of institutional norms,livelihood protection should be interpreted,implemented and supervised as a national goal established by the constitution,giving full play to its function of regulating and safeguarding livelihood affairs,so as to realize livelihood protection more comprehensively and accurately.

关 键 词：民生保障 民生权 权利竞合 社会公正 国家目标 

分 类 号：D911[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D998.2[政治法律—法学] D082