行政机关利用个人信息进行自动化决策的合宪性检视  

Constitutional Review of Automated Decision-Making Decided by Administrative Agency Based on Personal Information

作　　者：王明敏 Wang Mingmin

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2025年第2期36-50,共15页Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“自动化行政中算法决策的法律控制”(项目批准号:21AFX004);山东省高等学校优秀青年创新团队“行政法学合作行政优化研究创新团队”(项目批准号:2023RW046)的资助。

摘　　要：自动化决策的深度应用是数字政府建设的内在驱动力。行政机关利用个人信息进行自动化决策实质上构成行政权对基本权利的限制,需在合宪性法秩序中加以检视,分别从权力正当性与基本权利干预的合宪性视角来考察。行政自动化决策本质上是算法赋能行政权,其权力运作同时遵循传统行政权和算法行政权的双重逻辑。宪法和行政法尚未明确行政自动化决策的行为性质,当前法规范对其规制存在诸多不足。从规范依据来看,行政机关利用个人信息进行自动化决策的宪法基础是个人信息自决权及其基本权利功能;作为对基本权利的限制,行政自动化决策应受比例原则、法律保留原则等法治国原则的拘束。合宪性法秩序是人的主体性和人类智能的最后屏障,为检视和控制公权力乃至演化中的算法权力提供了价值基础和规范依据,对数字法治政府建设中多重价值目标的平衡与兼顾具有关键意义。The deeply application of automated decision making is the internal drive for the construction of digital government.Administrative agencies using personal information for automated decision making essentially constitutes the limitation of fundamental rights.It is necessary to be reviewed from the perspective of legitimacy of power and constitutionality of fundamental rights intervention respectively.Administrative automated decision making is essentially algorithmic empowerment of administrative power,which follows the dual logic of traditional and algorithmic administrative power.There are deficiencies of the current constitutionality and legality control.From the perspective of normative basis,the right to personal information self-decision and its functions are the main constitution normative basises for administrative automated decision making.As the limitation of fundamental rights,the administrative automated decision making should be restricted under the principle of proportionality and reservation of law.Constitutional legal order is the last barrier of human subjectivity and human intelligence.Furthermore,it provides both value basis and normative basis for constitutionality and legality control of state power and algorithmic power,and plays an influential role in the construction of digital government under rule of law.

关 键 词：行政自动化决策 个人信息保护 基本权利限制 比例原则 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D922.1[政治法律—法学] D922.16