城市地表水水源地小流域系统保护修复技术模式研究——以密云水库上游牤牛河小流域为例  

Studies on systematic technology model for protection and restoration of small watersheds in surface water source of the urban area——a case study of the Mangniu River small watershed at the upstream of Miyun Reservoir

作　　者：叶芝菡 黄俊雄 李垒 薛万来 张耀方 李添雨 Ye Zhihan;Huang Junxiong;Li Lei;Xue Wanlai;Zhang Yaofang;Li Tianyu

机构地区：[1]北京市水科学技术研究院,北京100048

出　　处：《中国水利》2025年第5期59-65,共7页China Water Resources

基　　金：北京市科技计划“密云水库水生态安全优化调控技术体系研究与示范”(Z221100005222013)。

摘　　要：水源地保护是国家水安全保障的重要战略之一。密云水库是北京市重要的地表饮用水水源地,受气候变化和人类活动影响,水源安全保障面临风险与压力。以密云水库上游牤牛河小流域为对象,分析其基本情况及存在的问题,并对系统保护修复技术模式进行探索。摸清了牤牛河小流域水资源、水环境和水生态问题,特别是明确了河、库的总氮浓度,解析了陆域对水体总氮来源的贡献;从问题识别、目标确定、核算分析、关键技术、保护修复、评估反馈等六个环节,形成以水生态问题反溯陆域来源并实施土地用途管制与综合治理的技术流程。聚焦陆域土地利用管理与综合治理、河湖水生态保护修复,分别提出土地利用优化调整、施肥管控与面源防控、农村点源和面源污染控制、废弃矿区生态修复、重点土壤侵蚀区水土保持,以及河流连通性修复、微生物脱氮最宜生境营造和生境多样性提升、水库保护修复和水力调控等流域系统保护修复关键技术,并对流域修复目标可达性进行分析,形成以削减总氮为主、提升生物和生境多样性为辅的系统解决方案。Water source protection is a crucial national strategy for ensuring water security.Miyun Reservoir,a primary surface drinking water source for Beijing,faces risks and pressures due to climate change and human activities.Focusing on the Mangniu River’s small watershed upstream of Miyun Reservoir,this study analyzes its basic conditions and existing issues,exploring systematic protection and restoration technical models.The research identifies problems related to water resources,environment,and ecology,particularly total nitrogen concentrations in rivers and reservoirs,and assesses land-based contributions to waterbody nitrogen levels.A technical process is established,encompassing six stages:problem identification,goal setting,accounting analysis,key technologies,protection and restoration,and evaluation feedback.This process traces terrestrial sources of water ecological issues to implement land-use management and comprehensive management.Key technologies proposed include optimizing land use,controlling fertilization and non-point source pollution,managing rural point and non-point source pollution,restoring abandoned mining areas,conserving soil and water in erosion-prone zones,enhancing river connectivity,creating optimal habitats for microbial denitrification,increasing habitat diversity,and implementing reservoir protection and hydraulic regulation.The study analyzes the feasibility of achieving watershed restoration goals,proposing a systematic solution that primarily reduces total nitrogen while enhancing biological and habitat diversity.

关 键 词：城市地表水水源地 小流域 保护修复 技术模式 密云水库 

分 类 号：TV213.4[水利工程—水文学及水资源] X522[环境科学与工程—环境工程]