城堡与官职:吐蕃统治西域时期“rtse rje”考论  

Castles and Official Positions:An Examination of the“rtse rje”during the Tubo Period

作　　者：雷周加羊 Lodro Jamyang(Institute of Chinese National Community in TibetUniversity,Lhasa,Xizang 850000)

机构地区：[1]西藏大学中华民族共同体研究院,西藏拉萨850000

出　　处：《青海民族大学学报(藏文版)》2024年第4期38-49,共12页Journal of qinghai minzu University:Tibetan Version

基　　金：2024年度西藏大学研究生高水平人才培养计划项目“城堡与官职:吐蕃统治西域时期‘rtse-rje’考论”(项目编号:2022-GSP-B030)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：结合前人研究成果,以敦煌藏文写卷、吐蕃兵律文献、新疆出土(藏文)简牍以及后期藏文文书中对“rtse rje”官职的详实记载作为依据,对吐蕃边疆官吏制度中的“rtse rje”官职进行了全面的梳理和考究。藏文中的“rtse rje”一词系为两个意义单位的合成词,其中“rtse”有尖端、顶端以及城堡之义;“rje”有主子、尊者、师长等意涵。两词合在一起,具有“一地之长”的含义,从行政意义上说便为“一县之长”之义。故吐蕃政权在河陇和西域地区设立的行政机构中,“rtse rje”一职属于四品官,在沙州等若干基层地区又属于等级较高的官职。该官职在地方可划分为七大官吏类别:其一,“rtse rje”或“rtse rje blon”为一级官员,被赐予颇罗弥告身;其二,“rtse rje spyan”与“rtse rje zla”是二级官员,获小银文字告身;其三,“rtse rje vog dbon”与“rtse rje vbring ba”为三级官员,被授予铜文字告身;其四,“rtse rje chung ngu”是四级官员,同样赐以铜文字告身;其五,“rtse rgod”是五级官员,拥有铁文字告身;其六,“rtse bal”与“rtse sman”是六级官员,也被赐予铁文字告身;其七,“rtse bran”是七级官员,获水纹木的文字告身。从上述七大官吏类别中,便能看出“rtse rje”官职体系具有完善性与严谨性特征。进一步得出,“rtse-rje”在基层地区具有相对性的自治权,包括官吏任免、税务征收、司法等方面,可理解为以城堡为中心,具有明确职权范围的“一地之长”。On the basis of previous research results, this article comprehensively sorts out and studies the “rtse rje” official position in the Tibetan border official system in Tubo, using Dunhuang Tibetan scrolls, Tubo military law documents, Xinjiang unearthed bamboo slips, and detailed records of the “rtse rje” official position in later Tibetan documents as the basis for verification. The word “rtse rje” in Tibetan is a compound word consisting of two semantic units, with “rtse” meaning tip, top, and castle;“rje” has connotations such as master, venerable, and teacher. The combination of the two words “rtse rje” carries the meaning of ‘the leader of a region’, and from an administrative perspective, it means ‘the leader of a county’.The article argues that in the administrative institutions established by the Tubo regime in the Helong and Western Regions regions, the position of “rtse rje” belonged to the fourth rank official, and in several grassroots areas such as Shazhou, it belonged to a higher level official position. The official position of “rtse rje” can be divided into eight categories of officials in the local area: Firstly, “rtse rje” or “rtse rje blon” are first level officials who are granted the title of Polomi;Secondly, “rtse rje spyan” and “rtse rje zal” are second level officials who were falsely accused by a small silver letter;Thirdly, “rtse rje vog dbon” and “rtse rje vbring ba” are third level officials and have been awarded bronze letters for their personal status;Fourthly, “rtse rje chung ngu” is a fourth level official who is also bestowed with bronze letters to declare himself;Fifthly, “rtse rgod” is a fifth level official with a written warning;Sixth, “rtse bal” and “rtse man” are six level officials and have also been given iron letters to declare themselves;Seventh, “rtse bran” is a seventh level official who received a written message from the Water Pattern Wood. From the above eight categories of officials

关 键 词：吐蕃 rtse rje 官职 职权 

分 类 号：K23[历史地理—历史学]