培米苯查“昔布”丧葬中的解脱图初探  

A Preliminary Study on the Path of Liberation in the“shid”Funeral of Bon in Prommi People

作　　者：完德加 陈伶 Ban De Skyabs;Chen Ling(Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education,Institute of Chinese Folk Culture in Sichuan University,Chengdu,Sichuan 610065;School of Literature and Journalism in Sichuan University,Chengdu,Sichuan 610065)

机构地区：[1]教育部人文社科重点研究基地四川大学中国俗文化研究所、四川大学文学与新闻学院,四川成都610065

出　　处：《青海民族大学学报(藏文版)》2024年第4期75-89,共15页Journal of qinghai minzu University:Tibetan Version

摘　　要：在人类思想发展史研究领域,必须关注不同时代、地域和民族的传统宗教文化。在藏族远古先民思想研究方面,国内外诸多学者致力于揭开远古苯教思想的神秘面纱。由于相关资料匮乏等原因,青藏高原远古文化中的生死观等方面的诸多问题有待于进一步深入探究。鉴于敦煌古藏文文献中的有关早期佛苯亡灵归途方面的争论等记载,笔者认为藏语“塔尔兰(ཐར་ལམ)”即解脱道不同观点是值得学界关注的,“塔尔兰”是藏族传统宗教文化中特指生命追求的核心概念之一。对此,藏传佛教和雍仲苯教皆有五道即资粮道、加行道、见道(一地菩萨)、修道、无学道的分类及其理论体系。然而,自称“苯查(即花苯)”的川西南培米人的苯教传承者,在其专为亡者“喇”魂举行的传统“昔布”丧葬仪式中使用一种独特的“塔尔兰”长卷图。该长卷图及其相关仪式内容能为早期苯教思想及其历史演变研究方面提供宝贵的材料。结合该解脱图的图像和题记,以及当地宗教仪式传承人的口传记忆,解读培米群体本土苯教丧葬“塔尔兰”图像内容,分析其核心思想与仪式主旨间的矛盾,认为当地“塔尔兰”图像及苯查丧葬仪式反映出远古苯教“亡而归故”思想和佛教“远离轮回”思想的不同文化传统的融合现象。In the field of studying the history of human thought development,scholars have to pay attention to the traditional religious cultures of different eras,regions,and ethnic groups.In the study of ancient Tibetan ancestors'thoughts,many scholars at home and abroad are committed to uncovering the mysterious veil of ancient Bon ideology.Due to the lack of relevant information and other reasons,many issues related to the concept of life and death in ancient cultures of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau need further in-depth exploration.Given the debates in Dunhuang's ancient Tibetan literature regarding the return of the souls of early Buddhas,the author believes that the different views on the Tibetan term"Tarlam"(■),which refers to the path of liberation,are issues worthy of academic attention."Tarlam"is one of the core concepts in Tibetan traditional religious culture that specifically refers to the pursuit of life.Regarding this,both Tibetan Buddhism and Yungdrung Bon have a classification and theoretical system of five paths,namely the path of accumulation,joining,seeing,cultivation,and consummation.However,the inheritors of the Bon religion,who call themselves"Bon Khra"(also known as"colored Bon"),from the Prommi people in southwestern Sichuan,used a unique"Tarlam"scroll in their traditional"shid"funeral ceremony specifically for the deceased's"La"soul.The long scroll and its related ritual content can provide valuable materials for the study of early Bon thought and its evolutionary history.This article combines the image and inscription of the"Tarlam"scroll,as well as the oral memory of local religious ceremony inheritors,to interpret the content of the local Bon funeral"Tarlam"image of the Prommi group,analyze the contradiction between the core ideas in the scroll and the main theme of the funeral,and believe that the local"Tarlam"and the Bon funeral ceremony reflect the fusion of different cultural traditions of ancient Bon’s"returning to the past after death"and Buddhist"departing from reincarnation".

关 键 词：培米 苯查 “喇”魂 解脱图案 民俗文化 

分 类 号：K892.22[历史地理—民俗学]