论我国《外国国家豁免法》中对等原则的具体适用  

On the Specific Application of the Principle of Reciprocity in China’s Foreign State Immunity Act

作　　者：马忠法[1] 王又丹 Ma Zhongfa;Wang Youdan

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院,上海200433

出　　处：《中州学刊》2025年第3期57-65,共9页Academic Journal of Zhongzhou

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“构建人类命运共同体国际法治创新研究”(18ZDA153)。

摘　　要：我国《外国国家豁免法》第21条规定在国家管辖和执行豁免问题上适用对等原则,且将条件限于对方给予我国豁免待遇低于我国给予对方豁免的情形。由于现有规定过于原则化,在适用方式、适用主体、认定标准、适用强制性等方面尚不明确,在具体适用中可能会出现法律不确定性、减损个人救济以及构成非法的反措施等争议或误解。借鉴各国的已有实践,《外国国家豁免法》在具体适用的制度安排上可在以下方面进一步完善:在适用方式上,由司法机关直接适用对等原则条款,不设立法或行政等前置程序;在适用主体上,明确适用主体仅为司法机关,外交机关可就其适用出具不具有约束力的书面意见;在适用条件的认定上,采用“事实对等”兼“推定豁免”的标准;在适用的强制性问题上,暂不要求适用的强制性,以便为解释和适用该原则预留裁量空间。Article 21 of China’s Foreign State Immunity Act provides for the application of the principle of reciprocity in matters of national jurisdiction and implementation of immunity,and limits the conditions to cases in which the other party grants our country less immunity than it grants to the other party.Since the existing provisions are too principled and unclear in terms of the manner of application,the subject of application,the criteria for determination and the mandatory nature of application,disputes or misunderstandings may arise in the specific application,such as legal uncertainty,derogation of individual relief and the constitution of unlawful countermeasures.Drawing on the existing practices of various countries,the specific institutional arrangements for the application of the Foreign State Immunity Law can be further improved in the following aspects:in terms of application methods,the principle of reciprocity clauses can be directly applied by judicial organs,without establishing legal or administrative pre-procedures;in terms of the applicable subject,it is clear that the applicable subject is only judicial organs,and diplomatic organs may issue non-binding written opinions on its application;in terms of determining the applicable conditions,the standard of“factual equivalence”and“presumed immunity”shall be adopted;in terms of the mandatory nature of application,there is currently no requirement for mandatory application,so as to reserve discretion for interpreting and applying this principle.

关 键 词：对等原则 国家豁免 《外国国家豁免法》 

分 类 号：D990[政治法律—国际法学]