论清代纳赎的平等性:基于《读律佩觿》禁赎条款的实证研究  

The Equality of Monetary Redemption in Qing Dynasty:An Empirical Analysis of the Bans in Du Lü Pei Xi

作　　者：刘任 熊谋林[2] LIU Ren;XIONG Mou-lin(School of Law,Sichuan Agricultural University,Ya'an 625014;School of Law,Southwestern University of Finance and Economics,Chengdu 610074,China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学法学院,四川雅安625014 [2]西南财经大学法学院,四川成都610074

出　　处：《河北法学》2025年第1期138-162,共25页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究课题“中华赎刑原论”(22XJA820001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清代赎刑长期以来遭受“不公”“异刑”等质疑,主要是由主观臆断和文献错位引发的误解。近年来虽有学者从司法角度论证清代赎刑公正性,但以纳赎为核心的立法研究仍是空白。尽管《大清律例》的纳赎规定极其简单,且准赎与否相当不明,但作为准法律适用的律著《读律佩觿》中的禁赎(“不准纳赎”)条款,为全面展示纳赎的平等适用机制提供了翔实依据。研究发现,纳赎并不存在贫富、特权、满汉异刑设计,反而用十恶不赦、常赦所不原等禁赎条款彰显崇尊、扬善、抑强的特质,这充分体现了儒家礼法和恤刑思想下的形式与实质平等性。具体表现为,卑幼对尊长、下级对上级、妇女对夫君等有违纲常伦理的犯罪,不论后果是否严重,基本禁用纳赎;凡恶不赎,只要犯罪行为评价为十恶,即便犯罪较轻,依旧不得用赎;纳赎的适用对象多为弱势群体,地方豪强即便财力足够,依旧禁止适用。正确认识纳赎的平等性,不仅有助于重塑中华赎刑的礼法精髓,还能为当前罚金刑立法改革提供参考,甚至能为解决全球罚金刑困境贡献中国智慧。Monetary redemption(shuxing)in Qing Dynasty have been questioned and marked as inequality and disparity as usual,but the subjective speculations and mismatched literatures play overwhelmingly vital role on the distortion.A few of scholars in recent years tried to discuss the equality of redemption in Qing Dynasty,nevertheless the legislative research on monetary redemption(nashu)remains vacuum.To reveal the equal mechanism of monetary redemption,this article explores the bans or incapable rules of redemption assorted in the quasi-law book Du Lu Pei Xi due to the simple but unclear rules in Ta Tsing Leu Lee.Research reveals the inexistence of dispirited monetary redemption because of wealthy,prerogative,and ethical difference,but the bans in regard to ten evils,abnormal sins,and so on pave the way to understand the patriarchal,good and disadvantaged generousness.The bans outlined the external and internal equality featured in the Confucius rules of etiquette and mercy of punishment.That is,crimes violated the patriarchy norms such as the young against the old,subordinator against superiority,women against husband were not able to be paid whether the outcome is serious or not;Any of the evils in regard to ten evils was not to be paid even if the slight crimes;the majority of subjects with the possibility to be paid via monetary redemption are the disadvantaged,while the advantaged were banned to be paid even if the rich and influential social status.Recognizing the equality of monetary redemption will not only help to restructure the quintessence of Chinese redemption but also refer to legislative reform of fine on contemporary society,in particular to offer the Chinses wisdom to solve the struggled fine worldwide.

关 键 词：《读律佩觿》 赎刑 纳赎 罚金 十恶 中华礼法 

分 类 号：DF08[政治法律—法学理论]