钠离子电池硬碳负极容量提升策略研究进展  

Capacity enhancement strategy of hard carbon anode for sodium-ion battery:A review

作　　者：常永刚 张晋豪 解炜 李秀春 王毅林 陈成猛[3] CHANG Yonggang;ZHANG Jinhao;XIE Wei;LI Xiuchun;WANG Yiin;CHEN Chengmeng(China Coal Huali Energy Holdings Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100020,China;China Coal Huali Xinjiang Carbon Technology Co.,Ltd.,Hami 839200,Xinjiang,China;Institute of Coal Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Taiyuan 030001,Shanxi,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中煤华利能源控股有限公司,北京100020 [2]中煤华利新疆炭素科技有限公司,新疆哈密839200 [3]中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所,山西太原030001 [4]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《储能科学与技术》2025年第2期544-554,共11页Energy Storage Science and Technology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4101600);中煤-国科-煤化所联合企业项目(20241CS012)。

摘　　要：锂离子电池作为电化学储能领域的代表性技术,在经济社会发展中愈发不可或缺。但全球锂资源分布不均,我国锂资源安全受到严峻挑战。相比之下,钠离子电池由于储量丰富有望成为锂离子电池的重要补充技术和新能源产业摆脱对外资源依赖的重要解决方案。负极材料是影响钠离子电池性能的关键因素之一。硬碳由于其综合性能良好已经率先产业化,但其容量低仍限制了其进一步发展。本文首先回顾了硬碳储钠的四种模型,包括“插入-填充”模型,“吸附-插入”模型,“吸附-填充”模型,“三阶段”模型。其次介绍了拉曼光谱、对分布函数、正电子湮灭寿命谱、扩展X射线吸收精细结构和电子顺磁共振、气体吸脱附、小角X射线散射等在缺陷及孔结构表征上的应用。着重介绍了斜坡平台容量提升策略诸如杂原子掺杂、碳化温度调控、孔结构调控、微晶结构调控等方法。综合分析表明,通过增加硬碳中的缺陷浓度可以有效地提升硬碳的斜坡容量以及通过提升闭孔孔容可以有效提升硬碳的平台容量。最后提出了硬碳的发展方向和展望,旨在为钠离子电池的进一步发展提供有价值的参考。Lithium-ion batteries,as a foundational technology in electrochemical energy storage,are playing an increasingly vital role in driving economic and social progress.However,the uneven global distribution of lithium resources presents significant challenges,particularly regarding the security of lithium supplies in China.Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as a promising complementary technology,offering a strategic alternative that capitalizes on abundant sodium reserves and mitigates dependence on foreign resources.The performance of these batteries largely depends on the anode material,with hard carbon being the most industrially advanced option owing to its commendable overall performance.However,its low capacity remains a key limitation to further progress.This review examines four distinct models of sodium storage in hard carbon:"insertion-filling,""adsorption-insertion,""adsorption-filling,"and the"three-stage"model.Subsequently,it explores various characterization techniques—such as Raman spectroscopy,pair distribution function analysis,positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy,extended X-ray absorption fine structure,electron paramagnetic resonance,gas adsorption/desorption,and small-angle X-ray scattering to elucidate the defects and pore structures of hard carbon.Moreover,the review emphasizes various strategies to enhance slope and plateau capacities of hard carbon.These include heteroatom doping,modulating carbonization temperature,modifying pore structures,and refining microcrystalline structures.A comprehensive analysis indicates that increasing the defect concentration in hard carbon significantly enhances its slope capacity,while increasing the volume of closed pores effectively improves its plateau capacity.Finally,the review delineates potential development trajectories and future prospects for hard carbon,aiming to provide valuable insights for advancing sodium-ion battery technology.

关 键 词：钠离子电池 硬碳 斜坡平台容量优化 闭孔形成机理 

分 类 号：TM912[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]