汉语方言两类复数标记的类型规律  

Typological Regularities of Two Kinds of Plural Markers in Chinese Dialects

作　　者：王统尚[1] 石毓智[2] Wang Tongshang;Shi Yuzhi(School of Chinese Language and Literature,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,Hubei,China;Department of Chinese Studies,National University of Singapore,Singapore 119260,Singapore)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学文学院,湖北武汉430072 [2]新加坡国立大学中文系,新加坡119260

出　　处：《长江学术》2025年第2期114-128,共15页Yangtze River Academic

摘　　要：分析汉语1000余个方言点的复数标记使用情况发现,95%的方言里人称代词和指示代词的复数标记是各自独立的,虽然在少数方言中存在人称代词和指示代词共复数标记现象,但也都有着严格的条件限制。从语法化的角度看,人称代词和指示代词的复数标记的词汇来源有70余种,两者之间存在着高度规律性的分野。可以确定两种概念内涵不同的复数标记:一是人称代词复数标记,其标记的成员数大于1且拥有一个核心成员;二是指示代词复数标记,其标记的成员数大于1且各成员地位相同。由此可概括出汉语广大方言中两类代词复数标记之间所存在的三条语言类型学规律:人称代词的复数标记所指是有核的,第一、第二、第三人称的有核度依次递减;指示代词的复数标记所指是无核的,近指代词和远指代词的无核度相等;无核集合的复数标记可以转化为有核集合的复数标记,反之则不行。An analysis of the usage of plural markers in more than 1,000 Chinese dialects reveals that in 95%of the dialects,the plural markers of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns are independent of each other.Although there is a phenomenon of shared plural markers for personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in a few dialects,there are also strict conditional restrictions.From the perspective of grammaticalization,there are more than 70 lexical sources for the plural markers of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns,and there is a highly regular distinction between the two.This article establishes two types of plural markers with different conceptual connotations.One is the plural marker of personal pronouns,where the number of members marked is greater than 1 and there is a core member;the other is the plural marker of demonstrative pronouns,where the number of members marked is greater than 1 and each member has the same status.From this,three linguistic typological rules regarding the relationship between the two types of pronoun plural markers in the vast number of Chinese dialects are generalized:the reference of the plural marker of personal pronouns is nucleated,and the degree of nucleation of the first,second,and third persons decreases in turn;the reference of the plural marker of demonstrative pronouns is non-nucleated,and the non-nucleation degrees of the proximal demonstrative pronoun and the distal demonstrative pronoun are equal;the plural marker of a non-nucleated set can be transformed into the plural marker of a nucleated set,but not vice versa.

关 键 词：语法化 人称代词 指示代词 数范畴 语言类型学 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]