法律解释方法的位序问题再思考  

Rethinking the Order of Legal Interpretation Methods

作　　者：雷磊[1] LEI Lei

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《政治与法律》2025年第2期85-101,共17页Political Science and Law

基　　金：2021年度教育部哲学社会科学研究后期资助重大项目“时代镜像中的法理学研究”(项目编号:21JHQ012)的研究成果。

摘　　要：需排序的法律解释方法包括文义解释、体系解释、主观语义解释、主观目的解释、历史沿革解释和客观目的解释六种,比较解释和合宪性解释并非合适的排序对象。在法律论证的视角下,法律解释方法属于同位阶规则,这决定了解释方法的位序是“顺序”而非“位阶”。法律解释方法的论据属性要求一种运用顺序模式,而其理由属性要求一种优先顺序模式。在两种模式中,方法排序均可被确定为“文义解释—体系解释—主观语义解释—主观目的解释—历史沿革解释—客观目的解释”。运用顺序适用于普遍情形,其排序依据是语义的确认与确证的区分,以及解释方法与法律文本的“距离”远近,它是固定的、不可逆的;优先顺序仅适用于冲突情形,其排序依据是诸解释方法背后的法价值及其相互关系与实现程度,它是初步的、可逆的和推定的,只是对解释者的具体权衡过程施加了一种论证负担。解释方法的抽象位序虽无法代替个案中的论证说理,但同样有其实益。The legal interpretation methods that need ordering include six types,i.e.literal,systematic,subjective-semantic,subjective-purposive,historical-evolutionary,and objective-purposive interpretations,but comparative and constitutional interpretation are not suitable objects for such ordering.From the perspective of legal argumentation,these legal interpretation methods belong to rules at the same ranking,which determines that the ordering of interpretation methods is"sequence"rather than"hierarchy".The argument-oriented attribute of legal interpretation methods requires a mode of application order,while their reason-oriented attribute requires a mode of priority order.In both modes,the order of methods can be determined as"literal interpretation-systematic interpretation-subjective-semantic interpretation-subjective-purposive interpretation-historical-evolutionary interpretation-objective-purposive interpretation".However,the application order is applicable to general situations and is determined by the distinction between semantic confirmation and justification,as well as the"distance"between the interpretative method and the legal text,thus being fixed and irreversible.The priority order is only applicable to conflicting situations,and is determined by legal values behind those interpretation methods,their interrelationship and degrees of realization,thus being prima facie,reversible and presumptive,and imposing only a burden of argumentation on the interpreters in the specific process of balancing.Although the abstract order of interpretation methods cannot replace arguments and reasoning in individual cases,it is also of practi cal benefits.

关 键 词：法律解释方法 位序 同位阶规则 运用顺序 优先顺序 

分 类 号：DF0[政治法律—法学理论]