我国商事职务代理规则定型的解释方案——以印章型商事代理权为进路  

The Interpretative Approach to Established Rules of China on Commercial Agency by Office:From the Perspective of Seal-Based Commer cial Agency Authority

作　　者：钟凯[1] ZHONG Kai

机构地区：[1]四川省社会科学院法学研究所,四川成都610041

出　　处：《政治与法律》2025年第3期162-176,共15页Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“民法典编纂背景下营利法人行为与商事代理定型化研究”(19BFX130)的研究成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》职务代理条款的商法化明显不足,解释论上关于商事代理规则定型的各种方案,效果也不尽人意。不少职务代理权源学说出现阐释上的“合成谬误”,晚近司法实务存在混淆越权行为与表见代理体系分工,签名与印章关系处理失衡等问题,根本原因在于忽视印章本身的商事职权推定效力。尽管不同情形下印章与职务签名的权利表彰权重存有等差,但其职权表彰原理相通、规范构造相似。更重要的是,在缺乏职权外观系统构建及职务签名公示方法的前提下,以印章推定职权范围在交易成本上具有比较优势。循此解释进路,印章型商事代理规则可以依印章备案、行为外观和表见代理等不同情形分别构造。其中,印章型商事代理权与表见代理的一个重要区分,就是能否一般性地推定相对人构成善意。基于强式、半强式和弱式等印章职权推定效力,善意相对人的合理审查标准及内容存在层级化差异。The provisions on commercial agency by office in the Civil Code exhibit significant inadequacies in their commercial-law orientation.Various interpretative approaches regarding the establised in rules on commercial agency yield unsatisfactory results.Many theories on the authority sources of commercial agency by office exhibit interpretative"fallacy of composition",and the root cause for problems in recent judicial practice such as confusion between acts of exceeding authority and apparent agency in terms of division of roles in the system and imbalanced treatment of relationship between signature and seal is the neglect of the presumed effect of commercial authority of the seal itself.Although there are disparities in the weights of right embodiment between seal and signature by office under different circumstances,the principles underlying their authority embodiment and their normative structures are fundamentally similar.More importantly,in the absence of a systematic construction of authority appearance and a method for publicizing signature by office,the presumed scope of authority based on the seal presents a comparative advantage in terms of transaction costs.Following this interpretative approach,the rules governing seal-based commercial agency can be constructed respectively on basis of different scenarios including seal filing,behavioral appearance,and apparent agency.Therein,a key distinction between seal-based commercial agency authority and apparent agency is whether it is possible to generally presume that the counterpart is acting in good faith.Based on the strong,semi-strong,and weak effect of authority by office based on the seal,there are hierarchical differences in the reasonable review standards and content concerning counterparts in good faith.

关 键 词：民法典 职务代理 商事代理 公司印章 

分 类 号：DF59[政治法律—民商法学]