清代长江中游水域上的“湖股”与“湖分”——一个流动性公共资源管理的案例分析  

Historical Analysis of the Lake Shares and the Lake Divisions on the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Qing Dynasty——A Case-study of the Management of Mobile Public Resources

作　　者：徐斌 XU Bin

机构地区：[1]深圳大学人文学院,广东深圳518060

出　　处：《湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期72-82,198,共12页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：深圳大学高水平大学三期建设项目“家谱文献数据管理平台建设”(24JCXK04)资助。

摘　　要：作为长江流域的重要组成部分,清代湖北等长江中游地区的水域在环境、制度与人群的互动下,形成“官水”与“子池”两种占有形式:前者以“湖分”为名,按船只单位课税,属全体湖主共有;后者依据面积征课,通过“湖股”进行权属划分。“湖股”的划分标准主要基于鱼课缴纳额度,获取途径包括祖遗继承与买卖交易两种方式。鱼课征收体系塑造了水域的多层级湖主共同体结构。该共同体中的“湖股”具有人格化特征,既延续了明初以来形成的结构,又在继承与交易过程中衍生出大股嵌套小股的复合结构。随着水域利用方式多元化,“湖股”内涵持续扩展,除捕捞权外,派生出“按股分草”的湖草收益权等新型权益形态。相较而言,湖周浅水区及涸出草洲通过独立完税机制脱离“湖股”体系,转而按镰刀数量分配权益。“湖股”的出现与变化反映出:明清长江流域农业商品化推动水域利用向多元化发展,催生相应制度调适;股制创新有效调和了流动性公共资源管理中公有制与私有制的制度选择困境。明清长江中游地区由环境、国家制度与民众生活互动而创生的这一独特的水域权益分配机制在历史时期有着持续的影响力,民国时期仍然被沿用,从侧面印证长江这一大河在塑造中华文明特征方面的关键作用。As an important common resources of the Yangtze River Basin,the water bodies in regions such as Hubei in the middle reaches of the Yangtze during the Qing Dynasty formed two types of ownership under the interaction of environment,institutions,and communities:“official water”and“sub-ponds”.The former,known as“lake shares”,was taxed based on boat units and collectively owned by all lake owners;the latter was taxed based on area,with ownership divided through“lake shares”.The division of“lake shares”was primarily based on the amount of fisherman s tax paid,and could be acquired through inheritance or purchase.The fish tax collection system shaped a multi-layered community structure of lake owners.The lake shares within this community had a personified character,continuing the structure formed since the early Ming Dynasty and evolving into a complex structure of major and minor shareholders through inheritance and transactions.As the utilization of water bodies diversified,the connotation of“lake shares”expanded continuously,giving rise to new rights such as the right to share lake grass profits“by share”.In contrast,the shallow water areas around the lakes and the grassy marshes of Sishan were separated from the“lake shares”system through an independent tax payment mechanism,instead distributing rights based on the number of knives.The emergence and evolution of“lake shares”reflect how the commercialization of agriculture in the Yangtze River Basin during the Ming and Qing dynasties drove the diversification of water body utilization,prompting corresponding institutional adjustments.Restrictive innovations effectively reconciled the dilemma of choosing between public and private ownership in the management of common resources.

关 键 词：长江流域 公共资源 股分 产权 水域社会 

分 类 号：K203[历史地理—历史学] F129[历史地理—中国史]