形构与反形构:沈从文与文学史的三场“对话”  

Configuration and Counter-configuration:Shen Congwen's Three"Dialogues"with Literary History

作　　者：黑白 HEI Bai(School of Liberal Arts,Anhui Normal University,Wuhu 241003,China;Boya Liberal Arts College,Sun Yat〖CD*2〗sen University,Guangzhou 510275,China)

机构地区：[1]安徽师范大学文学院,安徽芜湖241003 [2]中山大学博雅学院,广东广州510275

出　　处：《吉首大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期146-157,共12页Journal of Jishou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：湖南省哲学社会科学基金项目(21JD043)。

摘　　要：一代又一代文学史家在对沈从文的价值判断中形构出三种审美场域。他们曾以“反映论+阶级论”作为绝对标准,使沈从文背负数十年“空虚浮乏”的文学史镜像和“阶级成分”的划定“原罪”;也曾标举“文学性”作为主要审美原则,堪称沈从文是浓缩整个民族和数千年历史为心灵哀欢的“巨人”。在20世纪80—90年代思想解放与文学价值重估后,文学史家纷纷转向以复调、多元书写和全球化视角再造沈从文的文学史形象,稳定其在文学艺术和思想史上的客观地位。但由作家和文学史构筑的文学关系场,并非一条单向通道,作家与文学史不是简单的记录与陈述关系,而是一种形构与反形构的深层互动。沈从文在与文学史“对话”的显与隐中,不断调整反形构自塑的“书写策略”与“自我技术”,从而由小说创作转向旧体诗创作,以及物质文化研究等新领域。这一职业转向,不仅折射出沈从文个人主义与集体良知的一体两面,也揭示了文学场中“象征资本”的迁移过程,同时显现出作为一种社会事实的作家、文学与历史之深层互动关系。一方面,沈从文通过自传、散文、书信、诗歌等书写实践,持续思考并介入社会场域,“用人事写成的大书”完成反形构自塑;另一方面,沈从文通过以湘西为底本的物质文化研究著作,重塑“湘西—中国”诗心链,乃至将其熔铸成全国各族人民休戚与共的中华文明生命体,借此想象一种更加符合人类生命共同体的美好未来。In the evaluation of Shen Congwen,literary historians have developed three aesthetic fields.They once took"reflection theory plus class theory"as the absolute standard,making Shen Congwen bear the literary history image of"emptiness and superficiality"for decades and the"original sin"of"class status";they also held up"literariness"as the main aesthetic principle,regarding Shen Congwen as a"giant"who condensed the entire nation and thousands of years of history into the joys and sorrows of the soul.In the 1980s and 1990s,with the revaluation of values and the liberation of ideas,they turned to reconstruct Shen Congwen's literary history image with polyphony,diverse writing,and a global perspective,stabilizing his objective position in literary art and intellectual history.However,the literary connection field that writers and literary history have created is not a one-way street;rather,it is a kind of complex interaction between configuration and counter-configuration instead of a straightforward record and assertion.In the apparent and concealed"dialogs"with literary history,Shen continuously modified his writing approach and technologies of the self,shifting from novels to other domains like the study of material culture and classical poetry.This shift illustrates Shen's two aspects of individuality and collective conscience.It also sheds light on the movement of symbolic capital within the literary field and the intricate interplay between the writer,literature,and history as a social reality.Shen never stopped observing,thinking,and making social changes through his autobiographies,essays,letters,and poems.On the other hand,Shen investigated the possibility of opening up the poetic heart chain of"Western Hunan-China"by studying material culture and other research works with strong folklore characteristics in order to revive the spirit of the Chinese nation in the culture of western Hunan.Through this,the poetic link of"Western Hunan-China"can be opened up,and in the end,it can be fused into a Chinese civilizat

关 键 词：沈从文 文学场 自我主义 集体良知 中华文明生命体 

分 类 号：I206.6[文学—中国文学]