侵犯植物新品种权入刑的理论证成与立法构想  

Theoretical Justification and Legislative Design of Criminalizing the Infringement of Plant Variety Rights

作　　者：万志前[1] 李佳琪 WAN Zhiqian;LI Jiaqi(College of Humanities&Social Sciences/Agricultural and Rural Rule of Law Innovation Research Center,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学文法学院/农业农村法治创新研究中心,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期100-109,共10页Journal of Anhui Agricultural University:(SOCIAL SCIENCES EDITION)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“开放式创新背景下种业知识产权制度调适研究”(23BFX078)。

摘　　要：植物新品种权的刑法保护,可以提高种业知识产权保护水平,激励原始创新,营造种业振兴的良好法治环境。但现行刑法并未规定侵犯品种权的刑事责任。严重侵犯品种权行为不仅损害品种权私益,且破坏品种权管理的经济秩序。由于民事手段和行政手段对侵权行为的惩罚和威慑不充分,加之提高种业知识产权保护呼声渐高,因此侵犯植物新品种权入刑合理且必要。为与现有知识产权类罪保持一致,侵犯品种权入刑的罪名宜为“侵犯植物新品种权罪”;入罪标准方面,客观要件为行为具有刑事违法性且情节严重,主观为故意但不要求营利目的。为防止入刑对创新可能产生的“寒蝉效应”,侵犯品种权入刑应坚持谦抑性原则并在具体制度上加以贯彻。刑罚设置为有期徒刑与罚金,根据“情节严重、情节特别严重”划分出两档。同时,通过适用《刑法》第13条但书规定、公安机关不立案和检察机关不起诉构建合理的出罪机制。The criminal law protection of plant variety rights can improve the protection level of intellectual property rights in seed industry,stimulate original innovation,and create a favorable legal environment for the revitalization of seed industry,but the current criminal law does not stipulate criminal liability for the infringement of plant variety rights.Severe infringements of plant variety rights not only damage the private interests,but also damages the economic order of variety rights management.Given the insufficient deterrence and punishment of civil and administrative measures against such infringements,coupled with the increasing calls for improving the protection of intellectual property rights in the seed industry,it is reasonable and necessary to criminalize the infringement of plant variety rights.To maintain consistency with existing intellectual property crimes,the act of infringing variety rights could be designated as the“crime of plant variety right infringement”.In terms of the standards for criminalization,the objective requirement is that the act must be criminally illegal and of severe circumstances,while the subjective requirement is intent,without requiring a profit motive.To prevent the“chilling effect”on innovation,the criminalization of plant variety rights infringement should adhere to the principle of moderation and be implemented in specific legal provisions.Penalties should include imprisonment and fines,with two tiers based on“severe circumstances”and“especially severe circumstances.”At the same time,a reasonable decriminalization mechanism should be established through application of the proviso in Article 13 of the Criminal Law,as well as non-prosecution by public security organs,and non-indictment by procuratorial authorities.

关 键 词：植物新品种权 刑事保护 谦抑性 

分 类 号：D923.4[政治法律—民商法学]