不同秋播时期对冬春性小麦幼穗发育及产量和品质的影响  

Effect of Different Autumn Sowing Time on Young Spike Development,Yield and Quality of Winter and Spring Wheat

作　　者：田汉钊 牟丽明 王一钊 应开 孟天琪 Zaika Vitaly Valerievich Vladimir Shvidchenko 张正茂[1] 刘玉秀[1] TIAN Hanzhao;MU Liming;WANG Yizhao;YING Kai;MENG Tianqi;Zaika Vitaly Valerievich;Vladimir Shvidchenko;ZHANG Zhengmao;LIU Yuxiu(College of Agronomy,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Gansu Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Dingxi,Gansu 743000,China;North Kazakhstan Agricultural Experimental Station,S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University,North Kazakhstan,Kazakhstan)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]甘肃省定西市农业科学研究院,甘肃定西743000 [3]North Kazakhstan Agricultural Experimental Station,S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University,North Kazakhstan,Kazakhstan

出　　处：《麦类作物学报》2025年第3期366-377,共12页Journal of Triticeae Crops

基　　金：中哈小麦技术创新与产业化基地项目(2020GHJD-17);优质旱地小麦新品种选育及普冰322的示范推广项目(TGZX2021-9);抗旱抗逆优质丰产小麦新种质创制和品种培育项目(22CX8NJ152)。

摘　　要：为给小麦生产调控和引种提供参考依据,以9个冬春性小麦品种(来自中国及哈萨克斯坦)为材料,研究不同时期秋播[播期提前13 d(S1),正常播期(S2),播期推迟13 d(S3)]对冬春性小麦幼穗分化进程、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,同一播期下,春性小麦幼穗分化进度快于冬性小麦;中国冬性小麦幼穗分化进度慢于哈萨克斯坦冬性小麦,而春性小麦快于哈萨克斯坦春性小麦。冬春性小麦的幼穗发育时间随播期推迟而整体缩短。在3个播期条件下,哈萨克斯坦春麦整体的幼穗发育进度慢于国内春麦;在S1和S2播期下,哈萨克斯坦春麦单棱期和二棱期持续时间明显长于国内春麦;在S3播期下,国内冬麦单棱期持续时间最短,哈萨克斯坦冬麦单棱期和二棱期持续时间最短。不同冬春性小麦的产量及产量构成因素对播期的响应也存在差异。随播期推迟,冬性小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均呈下降趋势;春麦穗粒数呈下降趋势,而千粒重和产量呈上升趋势。播期变化对冬性小麦的籽粒粗蛋白和湿面筋含量有一定影响,国内冬性小麦的籽粒粗蛋白和湿面筋含量随播期推迟而下降,而哈萨克斯坦冬性小麦则上升。在小麦糊化特性方面,随着播期推迟,国内冬麦峰值粘度、稀懈值呈下降趋势,最终粘度呈上升趋势;哈萨克斯坦冬麦峰值粘度、保持粘度先下降后上升,最终粘度、回升值呈上升趋势;春麦糊化特性指标除稀懈值外均成呈上升趋势,国内春麦稀懈值呈下降趋势,哈萨克斯坦春麦稀懈值呈上升趋势。适当早播可以提高冬麦产量与糊化品质,促进国内冬麦蛋白质积累;适当推迟播期可以明显缩短冬春性小麦的幼穗发育时间,提高春麦产量与糊化品质,有利于哈萨克斯坦冬麦蛋白质积累,因此适期播种有利于不同冬春性小麦的幼穗发育以及产量和品质提升。Nine different winter and spring wheats(from China and Kazakhstan)were used as materials,the effects of autumn sowing at different periods[13 days ahead of sowing date(S1),normal sowing date(S2)and sowing date delay 13 days(S3)]on the differentiation process,yield,and quality were investigated to provide references for wheat production regulation and introduction.The results showed on the same sowing date,the young spikes differentiation progress of spring wheat was faster than that of winter wheat.Young spike of winter wheat from Kazakhstan had faster differentiation progress than that from China,but the slower progress was found for spring wheat from Kazakhstan,comparing with Chinese spring wheat.With the delay of sowing date,the development time of winter and spring wheat spike was shortened.Under S1,S2 and S3 conditions,the young spike development of spring wheat from Kazakhstan was slower than that of Chinese spring wheat.Under S1 and S2 conditions,an obviously longer duration of single and double ridge stage was found for spike of spring wheat from Kazakhstan,comparing to that from China.Under S3 conditions,winter wheat from China had the shortest duration of the single ridge stage,while from Kazakhstan had the shortest duration of the single and double ridge stage.The response of grain yield and its components of winter and spring wheat to sowing date were also different.With the sowing date delayed,spikes number,kernels number per spike,thousand-kernel weight and grain yield of winter wheat were reduced,while spring wheat had a reduced spikes number,an increased thousand-kernel weight and grain yield.The change of sowing date had some effect on the grain protein and wet gluten content.With the delay of sowing date,grain protein and wet gluten content of Chinese winter wheat were reduced,but an opposite trend was found for wheat from Kazakhstan.For pasting properties,Chinese winter wheat had a reduced peak viscosity and breakdown,and an increased final viscosity with delayed sowing,while for winter wheat f

关 键 词：小麦 冬春性 播期 幼穗分化 产量 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S311