外流与回流:“一五”计划时期农村劳动力流动研究  

Outflow and Return Flow: A Study on Rural Labor Mobility during the First Five-Year Plan Period

作　　者：常明明[1] 胡畔 CHANG Mingming;HU Pan(School of Economics/Economic History Research Center,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073,China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学经济学院/经济史学研究中心,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《中南财经政法大学学报》2025年第2期124-134,共11页Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国农家副业与乡村发展研究(1949—1965)”(23AJL004)。

摘　　要：1953年中国开始执行发展国民经济的第一个五年计划,以重工业为中心展开了大规模的经济建设,刺激了农村劳动力向城市流动。流入城市的农村劳动力呈现以下主要特征:一是多向工业建设较为集中的区域流动;二是以青壮年劳动力为主;三是部分农村劳动力是有组织的流动;四是进城后有长期居留的倾向。由于当时国家经济基础薄弱,产业发展落后,吸纳农村剩余劳动力有限,农村劳动力盲目流入城市后给城乡经济发展带来一定的困难。政府不得不采取一系列措施劝止农村劳动力进城,动员自发进城的农村劳动力返乡,使得许多农村劳动力回流农村。但由于城乡、工农差别的存在,城市生活对农村劳动力仍具有吸引力,仍有一些农村劳动力盲目流入城市,这些劝止措施并未达到预期效果。In 1953,China implemented the First Five-Year Plan to develop the national economy,initiating large-scale economic construction centered on heavy industry,which stimulated the flow of rural laborers into cities.The rural laborers migrating to urban areas exhibited the following main characteristics:(1)movement primarily directed towards regions with concentrated industrial construction projects;(2)migration mainly involving young and middle-aged laborers;(3)partial migration was organized;(4)migrants tended to stay in cities for an extended period.However,due to the country's weak economic foundation and underdeveloped industries,the capacity to absorb surplus rural labor was limited.The unregulated inflow of rural laborers into cities created challenges for the development of both urban and rural economies.Consequently,the government had to implement various measures to discourage rural labor migration to cities and mobilize self-initiated urban migrants to return to their rural hometowns,resulting in a significant return flow of rural laborers.Nevertheless,the existing urban-rural and industrial-agricultural disparities continued to make urban life attractive to rural laborers,leading some to persist in migrating to cities blindly.As a result,these measures did not achieve their intended effects.

关 键 词：“一五”计划时期 农村劳动力 进城 返乡 盲目流动 

分 类 号：F329[经济管理—产业经济]