长期秸秆还田对典型潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系产量及氨挥发的影响  

Effects of long-term straw return on crop yield and ammonia volatilization of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in typical fluvo-aquic soil region

作　　者：江晗 王磊[1] 卢艳丽[1] 白由路[1] 王洛斌 徐鹏娜 JIANG Han;WANG Lei;LU Yan-li;Bai You-lu;WANG Luo-bin;XU Peng-na(State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室/中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2025年第2期213-225,共13页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发项目(2021YFD1700900)。

摘　　要：【目的】秸秆还田在培肥土壤的同时,向土壤中投入了大量的有机碳,激发了有机氮的矿化。研究华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米体系下长期秸秆还田对作物产量、氮素吸收利用和土壤氨挥发的影响,为提高作物产量、减少氮素损失提供科学依据。【方法】位于河北省廊坊市的长期秸秆还田定位试验始于2008年,处理包括只施用常规化肥(NPK)和常规化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKSt)。于作物生长期测定氨挥发,收获期调查测定作物产量、植株氮素含量以及0—100 cm土层土壤酶活性和土壤无机氮含量,分析土壤氨挥发、氮素转化过程对秸秆还田的响应。【结果】2018—2023年,NPKSt处理冬小麦、夏玉米产量较NPK处理分别增加6.20%~19.29%、11.01%~21.42%,籽粒总吸氮量分别增加19.85%、15.49%,氮肥偏生产力分别增加6.96%、12.41%,且玉米季效果优于小麦季。土壤氨挥发主要集中在施肥后7天内,NPKSt处理平均土壤氨挥发速率低于NPK处理。NPKSt处理轮作周年氨挥发总累积量较NPK处理显著降低3.69 kg/hm^(2),氨总损失率显著降低1.02个百分点。与NPK处理相比,NPKSt处理冬小麦和夏玉米季0—20 cm土层土壤脲酶活性提高14.84%~25.35%。两季NPKSt处理下表层土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均显著提高,NPKSt处理0—20 cm土层铵态氮含量较NPK处理显著提高10.90%~27.73%。0—100 cm土层内,NPKSt处理土壤硝态氮含量较NPK处理提高18.35%~307.85%。【结论】长期秸秆还田不仅显著减少铵态氮的挥发损失,还可改善土壤通气性,提高表层土壤脲酶活性,增加土壤无机氮含量,提高土壤氮素供应能力,尤其有利于夏玉米植株的氮素吸收和利用。因此,在华北平原北部典型潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系下,秸秆还田可在保证作物高产的基础上减少土壤氨挥发损失,是实现农业可持续发展的有效措施。【Objective】While fertilizing the soil,straw return to the field puts a large amount of organic carbon into soil,stimulating the mineralization of organic nitrogen.The aim of this paper is to study the effects of longterm straw return on crop yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization,as well as soil ammonia volatilization under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain,thereby providing a scientific basis for improving crop yield and reducing nitrogen loss.【Methods】The long-term straw return trial in Langfang City,Hebei Province,started in 2008,and the treatments included conventional fertilizer only(NPK)and conventional fertilizer with straw return(NPKSt).Ammonia volatilisation was monitored regularly during the crop growth period,and crop yield,plant nitrogen content were analyzed.At the same time,0−100 cm soil samples were collected for analysis of enzyme activities and inorganic nitrogen content.【Results】During 2018−2023,the yields of winter wheat and summer maize of NPKSt treatment increased by 6.20%−19.29%and 11.01%−21.42%,the total grain N uptake increased by 19.85%and 15.49%,and the partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity increased by 6.96%and 12.41%,respectively,compared with that of NPK treatment,and the effect of the maize season was better than that of the wheat season.Soil ammonia volatilization was mainly concentrated in 7 days after fertilizer application,and the average soil ammonia volatilization rate of NPKSt treatment was lower than that of NPK treatment.The total accumulation of ammonia volatilization of NPKSt treatment in the rotational year was significantly lower than that of NPK by 3.69 kg/hm^(2),and the total ammonia loss rate was lower than that of NPK by 1.02 percentage points.Compared with NPK,NPKSt treatment increased soil urease activity in 0−20 cm layer by 14.84%to 25.35%in winter wheat and summer maize seasons.The ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents of surface soil under NPKSt treatment were significantly increased in both

关 键 词：秸秆还田 小麦玉米轮作 产量 氮素吸收 氨挥发 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学] S513