生态保护补偿制度建设:经验、问题及对策  

Construction of Ecological Protection Compensation System:Experience,Problems and Countermeasures

作　　者：沈满洪 SHEN Manhong

机构地区：[1]浙江农林大学生态文明研究院 [2]浙江省生态文明智库联盟

出　　处：《阅江学刊》2025年第2期40-49,171,共11页Yuejiang Academic Journal

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大专项项目“习近平生态文明思想在中国大地的生动实践研究”(2022JZDZ009);2023年浙江文化研究工程第一批立项课题“让绿色成为浙江发展最动人的色彩”(23WH11ZD)。

摘　　要：生态保护补偿制度是践行绿水青山就是金山银山理念的标志性制度,其内涵有不同的界定:狭义上,主要指生态保护正外部性的内部化制度;中观层面,是指生态保护正外部性内部化制度和环境损害负外部性内部化制度的结合;广义上,生态保护补偿制度是矫正正负外部性导致的市场失灵与推进生态产权交易的“创造市场”制度的结合。生态保护补偿制度具有生态意义、经济意义和社会意义,在具体的实践中,我国积累了宝贵的经验:坚持科学理论指导,自觉践行绿水青山就是金山银山理念;坚持改革创新精神,不断推进生态保护补偿制度迭代升级;坚持依法推进改革,实现生态保护补偿制度建设的法治化。我国生态保护补偿制度建设尚有较大改进空间。针对补偿主体单一问题,要建立政府、企业、居民多元投入机制;针对补偿方式单一问题,要建立政府补偿、市场补偿和社会补偿的多元补偿机制;针对受偿主体单一问题,要建立政府、企业、居民多元受偿机制;针对补偿金额偏低问题,要依靠生态环境价值评估方法,加强测算,在财力许可前提下“应补尽补”。The ecological protection compensation system is a landmark system for practicing the concept of“green water and green mountains are gold and silver mountains”.Its connotation has different definitions:in a narrow sense,it mainly refers to the internalization system of positive externalities of ecological protection;the ecological protection compensation system at the meso-level is a combination of the internalization system of positive externalities of ecological protection and the internalization system of negative externalities of environmental damage;in a broad sense,the ecological protection compensation system is a combination of the correction of market failure caused by positive and negative externalities and the“market creation”system for promoting ecological property rights transactions.The ecological protection compensation system has ecological,economic and social significance.In specific practice,China has accumulated valuable experience:adhering to the guidance of scientific theory and consciously practicing the concept of“green water and green mountains are gold and silver mountains”;adhering to the spirit of reform and innovation,and continuously promoting the iterative upgrading of the ecological protection compensation system;adhering to the reform in accordance with the law to realize the legalization of the construction of the ecological protection compensation system.There is still much room for improvement in the construction of Chinas ecological protection compensation system.In order to address the problem of a single compensation method,a diversified compensation mechanism involving government compensation,market compensation and social compensation should be established.In order to address the problem of low compensation amounts,we should rely on ecological environmental value assessment methods,strengthen measurement and calculation,and“compensate as much as possible”under the premise of financial constraints.

关 键 词：生态保护补偿 绿水青山就是金山银山 环境产权 碳市场 排污权 生态经济 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]