战国时期的“相邦”与兵器生产  

Warring States'Chancellors and Arms Industries

作　　者：夏玉婷 李梓豪(译) Maria Khayutina

机构地区：[1]德国慕尼黑大学汉学系 [2]北京语言大学文学院

出　　处：《出土文献》2025年第1期139-154,173,174,共18页Excavated Documents

基　　金：我的研究项目“从公元前1—8世纪的青铜礼器铭文看亲属关系、婚姻和政治(Kinship,Marriage and Politics in the Light of Ritual Bronze Inscriptions from 11-8c.BCE)”;德国科学基金会(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,2014—2018年,资助Nr.KH286/3-1,2)的支持。

摘　　要：本文旨在通过战国时期的带铭兵器,考察战国时期的“相邦”在各国兵器生产及管理中的角色。基于“中研院”殷周金文及青铜器资料库,本文追溯了“相邦”监督兵器生产这一制度在各邦国的起源与传播过程,并分析了该制度在各邦国间传播的可能次序及历史背景。研究表明,自公元前4世纪末起,秦、赵两国的“相邦”开始直接负责兵器的生产。有时由“丞相”负责协助“相邦”,有时“相邦”一职由两人或两人以上同时担任。宋国亦曾在较短时期内将兵器生产的管理权委托给“相邦”,以试图增强军事实力,参与争霸。通过出土文献与传世文献的比勘,可知“相邦”这一头衔在汉代因避讳而被改写为“相国”,两者具有相同含义。此外,本文考察了“属邦”(传世文献中为“属国”)制度,认为秦国在不晚于秦王政第五年时建立了该制度,其他诸侯国则也有可能在它们的边疆地区建立了相似的附属小邦。最后,本文探讨了上述发现对于理解战国相关政治概念的更广泛意义,尤其是使用“邦”来表示国家这一制度和地缘政治实体。本文不仅可为战国时期政治运作的研究提供新视角,亦有助于理解早期中国的治国理政及军事组织方式。The present study examines how Chancellors,referred to as xiangbang(相邦),engaged in the supervision of arms industries in various kingdoms of the Warring States period,as evidenced by inscriptions on bronze weapons from that era.Based on a systematic analysis of inscriptions housed in the Academia Sinica's database,the study traces the origins and spread of this practice across different states,considering possible directions and circumstances of the transfer of governance methods between these states.It demonstrates that Chancellors directly controlled the production of weapons in Qin and Zhao starting from the late fourth century BCE.In some instances,they were assisted by Vice-Chancellors,or the position of Chancellor was shared by two or more individuals simultaneously.Song likely entrusted its Chancellor with control over its arms industry during a brief period when it attempted to compete for hegemony before being eliminated by Qi.The paper also discusses the interchangeability of the titles riangbang in excavated texts and riangguo(相国)in transmitted texts,corroborating that the latter was a Han Dynasty modification resulting from the tabooing of Liu Bang's name.Furthermore,it explores the institution of shu bang(属邦),known as shu guo(属国)in transmitted texts,suggesting that apart from Qin,this institution may have existed in other large kingdoms of the Warring States period.Additionally,the study explores the broader implications of these findings for understanding the political concepts of the period,particularly the use of the term bang(邦)to denote both a state as an institution and as a geopolitical entity.This research offers new insights into the administrative practices of the Warring States period and contributes to the understanding of early Chinese statecraft and military organization.

关 键 词：相邦 相国 属邦 属国 兵器铭文 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]