重塑武举:论宋代士大夫对武将选拔制度的改革  

Reshaping Martial Examinations:On the Reform of the Military Officer Selection System by Song Scholars

作　　者：任晔 Ren Ye(School of Chinese Classics,Renming University of China,Beijing,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国学院

出　　处：《四川师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期162-175,207,共15页Journal of Sichuan Normal University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：中国人民大学2023年拔尖创新人才计划的研究成果。

摘　　要：宋代士大夫以重塑武举为选拔理想将帅、改造武将群体、更全面深入介入军事议题的重要手段,并以文举进士科为模板,将武举取士定位为“博延方略之士,参阅材技之能”,因此,不仅在考试时加重策论分量、增试兵书大义,确立了首重程文、次及弓马的选拔标准,而且仿太学创立武学,以武经七书为主要教学内容,注重儒学的教化熏陶,同时视武举进士为“儒而谈兵者”、武学生为“士之有武勇者”,将其引为同类,为其仕宦迁转提供有力支持。宋代武举确实选拔出了一批对宋政权高度认同的军事行政人才,并在战争岁月守卫疆土、屡建功勋甚至壮烈殉国,在和平年代或担任统兵官维持一方治安,或出任边地亲民官应对各类武装挑战。同时,武举出身者与文官士大夫行政风格相近、兴趣爱好一致,在重大政治议题上也能与文官密切合作。宋代士大夫以重塑武举改造武将群体、参与军事议题的实践,基本取得了预期的成效。Song scholars considered reshaping the martial examinations as a crucial means to select ideal generals,reform the military officer group,and more comprehensively and deeply engage in military issues.Using the civil service examination system as a model,they positioned the martial examinations as a way to“extend strategies and review abilities in both military tactics and skills”.Consequently,they not only increased the emphasis on policy questions and added examinations on military texts,establishing a selection standard that prioritized written essays followed by archery and equestrian skills,but also created martial academies modeled after the Imperial Academy.These academies used the Seven Military Classics as primary teaching materials,emphasizing Confucian indoctrination.Martial examination graduates were seen as“scholars who discussed military affairs”,while martial students were viewed as“scholars with martial prowess”,supporting their advancement in officialdom.The Song Dynasty’s martial examinations did select a group of military administrative talents highly loyal to the Song regime.During wartime,they defended the territory,earned numerous honors,and even sacrificed themselves.In peacetime,they either served as commanders maintaining regional security or as local officials addressing various armed challenges.Moreover,those with martial examination backgrounds had administrative styles and interests similar to civil officials,enabling close cooperation on major political issues.The scholars’practice of reshaping the martial examinations to reform the military officer group and engage in military issues largely achieved the expected outcomes.

关 键 词：宋代 士大夫政治 武将选拔制度改革 武举 武学 

分 类 号：G85[文化科学—民族体育]