神山军镇和佛教控制:吐蕃统治于阗的方式  

Shenshan(Holy Mountain)Military Garrison and Buddhist Control:Tubo's Governance of Khotan

作　　者：魏玉镯 陆离[1] Wei Yuzhuo;Lu Li

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学社会发展学院,南京210023

出　　处：《西藏研究》2025年第1期38-51,156,157,共16页Tibetan Studies

基　　金：2017年度国家社科基金重大项目“《敦煌本吐蕃历史文书》相关民族、人物、事件研究及分年、分类辑注”(项目编号:17ZDA212);江苏省2024年度研究生科研与实践创新计划项目“吐蕃政治文化若干问题研究”(项目编号:KYCX24-1758)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在与唐朝几番争夺后,于阗最终被吐蕃攻陷。吐蕃对于阗的统治以军事征服为前提,整个于阗处于以神山军镇为核心的严密控制下。于阗国王的保留既是吐蕃在其被征服地区的通常做法,也与吐蕃在佛教层面加强对于阗的控制有关。这意味着于阗在政治、宗教上附属于吐蕃。于阗官员在日常政务运作中要接受神山军镇的领导。在吐蕃统治时期,于阗地区基层组织实行一种与吐蕃本土制度相混合的制度,且受到吐蕃官员的控制。与吐谷浑因独特的地理位置和资源优势为吐蕃进攻唐朝提供便利,从而以联姻方式对其笼络不同,吐蕃在于阗采取的是一种更为直接、严密的军事控制,如设置在于阗境内的“笼区”。吐蕃军队在于阗的待遇要比当地人高,当冲突发生时,裁决也偏向前者。因此,不能将吐蕃统治下于阗国王的存在和当地行政组织未变更看作吐蕃实行羁縻政策的表征。更不用说,吐蕃对于阗的统治与唐朝的羁縻政策并不相似。Following several territorial disputes with the Tang Dynasty,Khotan ultimately fell under Tubo's conquest.Tubo's governance of Khotan was predicated on military conquest,with the entire region subject to strict control centered around the Shenshan Military Garrison.The preservation of the Khotan kingship aligned with both Tubo's typical approach to conquered territories and its strategy to strengthen control over Khotan through Buddhist institutions.This arrangement signified Khotan's political and religious subordination to Tubo.Khotan's officials were required to operate under the leadership of the Shenshan Military Garrison in their routine administrative affairs.During the period of Tubo's rule,Khotan's local organizational structure implemented a hybrid system that incorporated elements of Tubo's indigenous institutions and remained under the supervision of Tibtan officials.Unlike the case of Tuyuhun,which was managed through marriage alliances,Tubo implemented a more direct and rigorous military control in Khotan,exemplified by the establishment of"cage districts"within Khotan's territory.Tibetan military personnel in Khotan enjoyed superior treatment compared to locals,and dispute resolutions typically favored the former.Therefore,the continued existence of the Khotan kingship and the preservation of local administrative structures should not be interpreted as indicators of a loose-rein policy by Tubo.Moreover,Tubo's governance of Khotan bore little resemblance to the Tang Dynasty's loose-rein(jimi)policy.

关 键 词：于阗 吐蕃 羁縻政策 军镇体制 

分 类 号：K28[历史地理—历史学]