基因正义理论的演进——基于文献的考察与展望  

On the Evolution of Genetic Justice Theory:A Review and Outlook Based on Literature

作　　者：王康 WANG Kang

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院法律学院,上海201701

出　　处：《求索》2025年第1期151-164,207,共15页Seeker

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“基因正义论:人类基因技术多维风险的法律控制”(项目编号:19FFXB043)。

摘　　要：有关人类基因的正义观念,在半个世纪以来的演进中展示出多样的理论色调。现有文献大多在传统正义理论框架下对基因议题进行道德和法律哲学分析,虽有百花齐放般的创新,但在事实、价值维度上也还存在着内在缺陷。把基因正义的通货定位于基因、基因禀赋或基因能力,在分配中采取平等、充分、优先等单一的或简单叠加的价值取向,都不能给出妥当的解决方案。在可遗传基因组编辑、合成生物学、神经科学等前沿科技革命背景下,或许更需要一种崭新的基因正义理论。基因正义理论是有关基因风险(而非基因或基因禀赋)分配的正义理论,其演进必须着眼于全人类的永续发展,当代人应抱持开放未来的理念,承担起对后世人福利的关注义务。我国在该领域的研究整体上仍存不足,基因正义理论尚未被充分关注。因此,有必要结合我国的具体社会、伦理和法律背景,对基因正义理论及其实践机制予以前瞻性展开。The concept of justice related to human genes has demonstrated a diverse range of theoretical hues in its evolution over the past half-century.Most existing literature analyzes genetic issues within the framework of traditional justice theory from moral and legal philosophical perspectives.While these analyses showcase innovative diversity,they also possess inherent flaws in terms of factual and value dimensions.Positioning the currency of genetic justice in genes,genetic endowments,or genetic capabilities,and adopting single or simply superimposed value orientations such as equality,adequacy,and priority in distribution,cannot provide proper solutions.In the context of revolutionary advancements in frontier technologies such as heritable genome editing,synthetic biology,and neuroscience,there may be a pressing need for a novel theory of genetic justice.The theory of genetic justice is a justice theory concerning the distribution of genetic risks(rather than genes or genetic endowments).Its evolution must focus on the sustainable development of all humanity,and contemporary people should embrace the concept of an open future and undertake the duty of care for the welfare of future generations.Overall,research in this field in China is still insufficient,and the theory of genetic justice has not received adequate attention.Therefore,it is necessary to proactively develop the theory of genetic justice and its practical mechanisms in conjunction with China's specific social,ethical,and legal backgrounds.

关 键 词：基因正义 基因风险 分配正义 基因编辑 基因增强 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]