制造“他者”:缅甸的国族建构之路  

Creating the"Other":The Road to Nation-Building in Myanmar

作　　者：何明[1] 张方亮 Ming He;Fangliang Zhang

机构地区：[1]云南大学西南边疆少数民族研究中心,昆明650091

出　　处：《世界民族》2025年第1期42-54,共13页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：2023年国家社科基金重大项目“多民族国家民族事务治理模式的国际比较研究”(批准号:23&ZD201)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：缅甸的民族矛盾一直没有得到有效解决,国家长期处于民族冲突频发、战乱不断的状态。梳理其民族主义运动和国家建构的历史过程、相关法律法规和政策措施发现,在英国殖民时期,缅人的“他者”是英国殖民者及其帮凶;独立建国后,不同执政党选择了不同的国族建构路径,缅人的“他者”边界不断变化,从吴努政府时期非我族类的“异教徒”,军政府统治时期“不忠诚”的“外国人”和“客籍公民”,再到民主转型期后“非人化的穆斯林”。其中不变的是,缅甸对于少数民族和外来移民等非缅族群体始终缺乏包容多样的态度和族际整合的策略,而是长期坚持通过界定“他者”以定义“自我”,对非缅族族群采用形式不一和程度不等的歧视、排斥乃至驱逐的政策。这势必成为缅甸国族建构失败的主要原因。Ethnic conflicts in Myanmar have not been effectively resolved,and the country has long been in a state of frequent ethnic clashes and prolonged wars.Through examining the historical process of its nationalist movement and nation-building,as well as relevant laws,regulations and policy measures,it is found that during the British colonial rule,the“other”for the Burmese people was the British colonialists and their accomplices.After independence,different ruling parties chose different paths to construct a nation,and the boundary put on the“other”by the Burmese people changed constantly,from the“infidels”during the U Nu regime,to the“disloyal foreigners”and“resident aliens”during the military government,and then to the“dehumanized Muslims”in the period of democratic transition.What remains unchanged is that Myanmar has always lacked an inclusive and integrative attitude or policy towards ethnic minorities and foreign immigrants,and has long insisted on defining“self”by defining“other”,pursuing a policy of discrimination,exclusion and even expulsion towards non-Burmese ethnic groups in various forms and to different degrees.This is bound to become the main reason for the failure of the construction of the Burmese nation.

关 键 词：缅甸 “他者” 国族建构 

分 类 号：D733.7[政治法律—政治学]