《民法典》离婚冷静期制度的合宪性分析——以婚姻自由为中心  

Constitutional Analysis of the Cooling-off Period for Divorce in the Civil Code: Focusing on the Freedom of Marriage

作　　者：陈永乐 CHEN Yongle

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院

出　　处：《中德法学论坛》2023年第2期1-28,共28页

摘　　要：关于离婚冷静期制度是否构成对婚姻自由的不当干预这一问题,可以依“保护范围界定→公权力干预识别→干预的正当性论证”的审查框架展开分析。从保护事项的正面界定来说,离婚冷静期制度主要涉及“决定何时离婚的自由”。该制度旨在确认当事人离婚合意的坚定性而非真实性,无法经由内在限制理论反面排除出保护范围,成立对婚姻自由的外在限制。在比例原则分析中,“防止轻率离婚”的立法目的可归入《宪法》第51条等条款预留的目的设定余地,立法者对此的事实认定与预测决定具有可靠性。在防止轻率离婚与保障婚姻自由之间,立法者享有价值评判的优先性,离婚冷静期制度不会造成普遍的不可期待后果,因而不构成对婚姻自由的不当干预。As to whether the cooling-off period for divorce constitutes an undue interference with the freedom of marriage,it can be analyzed according to the framework of“definition of the scope of protection→identification of interference from public power→justification of the interference”.In terms of defining the matter to be protected,the cooling-off period for divorce is primarily concerned with the“freedom to decide when to divorce”.This system is designed to confirm the firmness rather than the authenticity of the parties'consent to divorce,and cannot be excluded from the scope of protection by the theory of intrinsic limitation,establishing an extrinsic limitation on the freedom of marriage.In the analysis of the principle of proportionality,the legislative purpose of“preventing frivolous divorce”can be subsumed under the purpose set forth in Article 51 of the Constitution,etc.,and the legislator's findings of fact and predictive decisions are reliable.The legislator enjoys the priority of value judgment between the prevention of frivolous divorce and the protection of the freedom of marriage.The cooling-off period for divorce does not create a generally unacceptable consequence,therefore it does not constitute an undue interference with the freedom of marriage.

关 键 词：离婚冷静期 婚姻自由 合宪性审查 比例原则 余地的教义学 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]