有利于被告人的类推及其展开  

Analogy in Favor of the Defendant and its Unfolding

作　　者：周光权 Zhou Guangquan

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《法律科学(西北政法大学学报)》2025年第1期19-31,共13页Science of Law:Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

摘　　要：基于民主主义和自由主义的考量,不利于被告人的类推适用必须被遏制,这是罪刑法定原则的题中之义。与不利于被告人的类推重视个别思考、满足处罚必要性诉求、与特定被告人“较劲”的刑法适用方法不同,有利于被告人的类推针对不宜处罚或重罚的情形,立足于整体思考的方法论,比照最相类似的规定最终得出对被告人有利的结论。实务中已经有一些判决允许有利于被告人的类推存在。对我国刑法中可以适用有利类推的突出问题,可以进行一定程度的类型思考并建构相应适用规则:对盗窃等财产犯罪后积极退赃的,可以类推适用贪污犯罪从宽处罚的规定;对逃税罪后补交税款除罪化的规定,可以类推适用于所有涉税犯罪;对挪用公款后退还的,可以类推适用挪用资金罪的从宽处罚规定。此外,对单位行贿后自首的成立与否以及隐匿、销毁会计账簿罪的具体认定等,都可考虑有利于被告人的类推的射程问题,以使案件处理结论更加容易被国民所认同,有效缓解我国刑事审判实务量刑过重的现实压力,确保罪刑关系更加协调、合理。Based on considerations of democracy and liberalism,the use of analogy unfavorable to the defendant must be strictly limited.This embodies the essence of the principle of legality in criminal law.In contrast to analogy unfavorable to the defendant,which focuses on individualistic reasoning,meets the demands of punitive necessity,and“engages”with specific defendants,analogy favorable to the defendant adopts a methodological approach grounded in holistic reasoning.It derives defendant-favorable conclusions by analogizing to the most analogous legal provisions.Judicial practice has seen instances where analogy favorable to the defendant has been permitted.For prominent issues in Chinese criminal law where favorable analogy may apply,it is possible to conduct typological analysis and establish corresponding application rules.For example,defendants who actively return stolen property following property crimes such as theft may benefit from leniency provisions applicable to corruption crimes.Similarly,provisions decriminalizing the payment of additional taxes following tax evasion may be analogized to other tax-related crimes.Those who return misappropriated public funds before prosecution may also benefit from the leniency provisions applicable to misappropriation of funds.The applicability of favorable analogy arises in cases involving voluntary surrender following bribery by a unit,as well as in the determination of crimes related to concealing or destroying accounting books.Such applications render judicial outcomes more comprehensible and acceptable to the public,help alleviate the current issue of excessive sentencing in criminal trials,and ensure a more coordinated and reasonable relationship between crime and punishment.

关 键 词：罪刑法定原则 不利于被告人的类推 有利于被告人的类推 类型思考 刑法方法论 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]