抽象危险的立法预设与司法判断  

Legislative Presupposition and Judicial Judgment of the Crime of Abstract Endangerment

作　　者：张明楷[1] Zhang Mingkai

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《法商研究》2025年第1期39-57,共19页Studies in Law and Business

摘　　要：将所有的抽象危险犯与具体危险犯视为对应且对立的关系,主张抽象危险为立法预设(推定或拟制)因而排除司法判断的观点,存在明显的缺陷;形式上符合抽象危险犯构成要件的行为也可能并不存在立法预设的危险,故应允许反证。对抽象危险犯构成要件的限缩性实质解释与对具体案件中抽象危险的反证并非完全等同;反证属于构成要件符合性的判断,而非对违法阻却事由的判断。抽象危险犯构成要件符合性的判断可分为正面判断与反面判断,正面判断是对立法预设的危险是否存在的类型判断,该判断若成立则肯定构成要件与抽象危险之间的通常关联性;反面判断则是立法预设与特殊案件是否一致的例外判断,该判断若成立则否认构成要件与抽象危险之间的真实关联性。刑法基于判断资料与判断标准对抽象危险做出立法预设,只有当具体案件不存在立法预设的判断资料时,才允许反证;对立法者采用的判断标准本身,不得进行反证。There are obvious defects in the view that all crimes of abstract endangerment and crimes of concrete endangerment are in a corresponding and opposite structure,and abstract danger is the legislative presupposition(deduction or fiction),thus any judicial judgment is excluded.The appearance of act that conforms to constitutive elements of the crime of abstract endangerment may not have the danger presupposed by legislation,so a rebuttal of abstract danger should be allowed.The limited substantive interpretation of constitutive elements of the crime of abstract endangerment is not exactly equivalent to the rebuttal of abstract danger in concrete cases.The rebuttal belongs to the judgment of the conformity of constitutive elements,not to the judgment of the cause of preventing illegality.The judicial judgment on the conformity of constitutive elements of the crime of abstract endangerment can be divided into positive judgment and negative judgment.The positive judgment is the type judgment on the existence of the danger presupposed by legislation.If the positive judgment is established,the general correlation between constitutive elements and the abstract danger shall be affirmed.The negative judgment is the exceptional judgment on whether the legislative presupposition is consistent with the concrete case.If the negative judgment is established,the real correlation between constitutive elements and the abstract danger shall be denied.The criminal law makes legislative presupposition to abstract danger based on judgment materials and judgment standards,and only when there are no judgment materials regarding legislative presupposition in concrete cases,can a rebuttal of abstract danger shall be allowed;as to the judgment standards adopted by the legislation itself,a rebuttal of abstract danger shall not be allowed.

关 键 词：抽象危险犯 禁止反证说 允许反证说 立法预设 司法判断 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]